期刊
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
卷 668, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
EDP SCIENCES S A
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243778
关键词
planets and satellites: individual: HD 3167; planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability; planets and satellites: physical evolution; techniques: photometric; techniques: radial velocities; planet-star interactions
资金
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) [HD3167]
- Swiss National Science Foundation [PCEFP2_194576, ST/M001040/1]
- European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project SPICE DUNE)
- project FOUR ACES [947634]
- project SCORE [724427]
- STFC consolidated grant [ST/R000824/1, ST/V000861/1]
- UKSA [ST/R003203/1]
- FCT through FCT [CEECIND/00826/2018, POPH/FSE]
- Swiss National Fund [ST/R003203/1, 200020_172746]
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [327127]
- European Regional Development Fund [ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, PGC2018098153-B-C33, PGC2018-098153-B-C31, ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R, MDM-20170737, PGC2018-098153-B-C33]
- Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme
- ESA [4000124370]
- CNES [2018.2323]
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program
- University of Liege through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions
- Wallonia-Brussels Federation
- FCT -Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia
- FEDER through COMPETE2020 -Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao [UID/FIS/04434/2019, UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113, PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953, PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017, POCI-01-0145FEDER-028987, DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004]
- national funds through FCT
- UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)'s Ernest Rutherford Fellowship
- Swedish National Space Agency [ST/V004735/1]
- CRT foundation [DNR 65/19, 174/18]
- ESA CHEOPS [837319]
- Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission
- Region Ile-de-France
- project Equip@Meso [ANR-10-EQPX-29-01]
- Agence Nationale pour la Recherche
- Italian Space Agency (ASI)
- Simons Foundation [2013-016-R.0]
- Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) [K-125015]
- PRODEX Institute
- ELTE Eotvos Lorand University [ESA-D/SCI-LE-20210025, LP2018-7/2021]
- Hungarian Academy of Science
- international Gemini Observatory [GN/S-2021A-LP-105]
- NSF
- National Science Foundation
- National Science Foundation (United States)
- National Research Council (Canada)
- Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (Chile)
- Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (Brazil)
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea)
Much is still unknown about exoplanets smaller than Neptune, particularly those in compact multi-planet systems. The study of the HD 3167 system, with its peculiar architecture and multiple planets, has provided insights into the dynamics and atmospheric evolution processes of such planets. The research has improved our understanding of planetary properties and has highlighted the contrasting characteristics of different planets within the system.
Much remains to be understood about the nature of exoplanets smaller than Neptune, most of which have been discovered in compact multi-planet systems. With its inner ultra-short period planet b aligned with the star and two larger outer planets d-c on polar orbits, the multi-planet system HD 3167 features a peculiar architecture and offers the possibility to investigate both dynamical and atmospheric evolution processes. To this purpose we combined multiple datasets of transit photometry and radial velocimetry (RV) to revise the properties of the system and inform models of its planets. This effort was spearheaded by CHEOPS observations of HD 3167b, which appear inconsistent with a purely rocky composition despite its extreme irradiation. Overall the precision on the planetary orbital periods are improved by an order of magnitude, and the uncertainties on the densities of the transiting planets b and c are decreased by a factor of 3. Internal structure and atmospheric simulations draw a contrasting picture between HD 3167d, likely a rocky super-Earth that lost its atmosphere through photo-evaporation, and HD 3167c, a mini-Neptune that kept a substantial primordial gaseous envelope. We detect a fourth, more massive planet on a larger orbit, likely coplanar with HD 3167d-c. Dynamical simulations indeed show that the outer planetary system d-c-e was tilted, as a whole, early in the system history, when HD 3167b was still dominated by the star influence and maintained its aligned orbit. RV data and direct imaging rule out that the companion that could be responsible for the present-day architecture is still bound to the HD 3167 system. Similar global studies of multi-planet systems will tell how many share the peculiar properties of the HD 3167 system, which remains a target of choice for follow-up observations and simulations.
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