Plumage Balances Camouflage and Thermoregulation in Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris)

Animal coloration serves many biological functions and must therefore balance potentially competing selective pressures. For example, many animals have camouflage in which coloration matches the visual background that predators scan for prey. However, different colors reflect different amounts of solar radiation and may therefore have thermoregulatory implications as well. In this study, we examined geographic variation in dorsal patterning, coloration, and solar reflectance among horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) of the western United States. We found that plumage brightness was positively associated with soil granularity, aridity, and temperature. Plumage redness-both in terms of saturation (i.e., chroma) and hue-was positively associated with soil redness and temperature, while plumage patterning was positively associated with soil granularity. Together, these plumage-environment associations support both background matching and Gloger's rule, a widespread ecogeographic pattern in animal coloration. We also constructed thermoregulatory models that estimated cooling benefits provided by solar reflectance profiles of the dorsal plumage of each specimen based on the collection site. We found increased cooling benefits in hotter, more arid environments. Finally, cooling benefits were positively associated with residual brightness, such that individuals that were brighter than expected based on environmental conditions also had higher cooling benefits, suggesting a trade-off between camouflage and thermoregulation. Together, these data suggest that natural selection has balanced camouflage and thermoregulation in horned larks, and they illustrate how multiple competing evolutionary pressures may interact to shape geographic variation in adaptive phenotypes.

Automated summary

Animal coloration serves multiple biological functions and must balance competing selective pressures. This study found geographic variation in dorsal patterning, coloration, and solar reflectance among horned larks. The plumage-environment associations support background matching and Gloger's rule. Thermoregulatory models showed increased cooling benefits in hotter, more arid environments. Cooling benefits were also associated with residual brightness, suggesting a trade-off between camouflage and thermoregulation. These findings show how natural selection has balanced camouflage and thermoregulation in horned larks, highlighting the interaction of multiple evolutionary pressures in shaping adaptive phenotypes.