☆ 4.8 Review

Multiscale Architectured Membranes, Electrodes, and Transport Layers for Next-Generation Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Bio-inspired flow channel designs for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: A review

Shuanyang Zhang et al.

Summary: Bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells play important roles, and flow channel design is a highly active research field. This paper classifies bio-inspired flow channels into four types based on different bionic prototypes and analyzes their pros and cons. Furthermore, SWOT analysis is conducted on bio-inspired flow channel designs, and the research directions and prospects are summarized.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Hierarchical Wrinkle-Structured Catalyst Layer/Membrane Interface for Ultralow Pt-Loading Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)

Dong-Hyun Lee et al.

Summary: This study reports a fabrication method for hierarchical wrinkled polymer electrolyte membrane/catalyst layer interfaces, which can significantly increase the electrochemically active surface area and power performance. The enhancement factors of the resulting interfaces compared to flat interfaces are among the best observed in previous PEMFCs. The method is simple, scalable, and easily applicable for the design of high-performance PEMFCs.

NANO LETTERS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Materials Engineering toward Durable Electrocatalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Lei Zhao et al.

Summary: Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been widely used in commercial markets, especially in the automotive industry. However, the durability of current electrocatalysts, which are crucial for the performance of PEMFCs, remains a significant challenge. Finding strategies to improve the lifespan of electrocatalysts is crucial for practical application in PEMFCs.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

An overview of proton exchange membranes for fuel cells: Materials and manufacturing

Shahbaz Ahmad et al.

Summary: Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are considered efficient and clean energy conversion devices, but their high manufacturing cost remains a major barrier to their general acceptance and commercialization. Lowering the cost of the electrolyte and catalyst is the main strategy for reducing fuel cell cost. The development of low-cost and high-performance electrolyte membranes is a top priority.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Multilayer additive manufacturing of catalyst-coated membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells by inkjet printing

Andreas Willert et al.

Summary: This study focuses on developing innovative strategies for inkjet printing of Catalyst Coated Membranes (CCM) without using intermediate substrates to enhance the performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC). By utilizing three different inkjet printing approaches, the catalyst and membrane layers achieved uniformity and demonstrated better electrochemical performance compared to conventionally made assemblies.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2022)

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Editorial Material Chemistry, Physical

SPEEK scaling UP

Hongli Zhu

Summary: The study demonstrates the pilot scale roll-to-roll synthesis of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane and the scaling up of zinc flow batteries (ZFBs) stack, showing a significant cost reduction from $500-1500 per square meter for Nafion membranes to $12 per square meter for SPEEK membranes. This cost reduction will drive the usage of flow battery systems in large-scale energy storage applications.

JOULE (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Combined effect of channel to rib width ratio and gas diffusion layer deformation on high temperature - Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance

Geethu Varghese et al.

Summary: The present study investigates the combined influence of Channel to Rib Width (CRW) ratio and clamping pressure on the structure and performance of High Temperature-Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC). The findings show that increasing the CRW ratio results in high deformation and stress concentration in the cell, while the impact of CRW ratio on cell performance is minimal at low to medium current densities but becomes significant at higher current densities.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2022)

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Multifunctional Nafion/CeO2 Dendritic Structures for Enhanced Durability and Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

Jiwoo Choi et al.

Summary: The introduction of multifunctional dendritic Nafion/CeO2 structures improved the performance of PEMFCs by enlarging the interfacial contact area and forming microscale voids, while also mitigating free-radical attack on the membrane.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Free-standing and ionomer-free 3D platinum nanotrough fiber network electrode for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Manman Qi et al.

Summary: A nanotrough-like catalyst layer (NTCL) with low Pt loading and enhanced durability was developed and applied as the cathode for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, achieving outstanding performance and durability. This work highlights a new approach for preparing and understanding nanostructured Pt electrodes for PEMFCs.

APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Differences in the Electrochemical Performance of Pt-Based Catalysts Used for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells in Liquid Half- and Full-Cells

Chi-Yeong Ahn et al.

Summary: Research has focused on developing Pt-based catalysts with higher performance and durability, particularly by increasing ECSA and intrinsic activity. However, most achievements are limited to half-cells and may not be directly applicable to real-life fuel cell applications, indicating the need for further improvement in catalytic performance.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Recent progress of the gas diffusion layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Material and structure designs of microporous layer

Yange Yang et al.

Summary: PEMFCs have become the most attractive power supply units for both stationary and mobile applications. The gas diffusion layer is critical for the operation and design characteristics of PEMFCs, with the microporous layer considered a key variable for mass transfer. However, there is still a lack of special review to summarize recent progress in MPL materials and design.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

3D printing of metal-based materials for renewable energy applications

Shahryar Mooraj et al.

Summary: Large-scale renewable energy faces challenges in conversion and storage due to its intermittent nature. Porous metal-based materials are being used in electrochemical and photochemical energy systems for their unique characteristics. 3D printing has revolutionized the manufacturing of complex structures for renewable energy devices.

NANO RESEARCH (2021)

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Smart catalyst deposition by 3D printing for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell manufacturing

Maria Cannio et al.

Summary: This study focused on the release of catalytic inks onto PEMFC electrodes using a modified 3D printing approach, aiming to achieve efficient production of MEA electrodes. By optimizing the ink formulation for low viscosity and short drying time, the repeatability and uniformity of the released amount were evaluated.

RENEWABLE ENERGY (2021)

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Thermally annealed self-assembled three-dimensional graphene for direct construction of porous flow distributor in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Gil Won Lee et al.

Summary: Self-assembled three-dimensional graphene (STG) with improved conductivity through thermal annealing is applied as a flow distributor in fuel cells to enhance performance, showing lower resistance and improved efficiency in single-cell systems.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Scalable Sacrificial Templating to Increase Porosity and Platinum Utilisation in Graphene-Based Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Electrodes

Theo A. M. Suter et al.

Summary: The study introduces a simple, scalable, and non-destructive method to significantly improve the pore structure and platinum utilization of graphene-based membrane electrode assemblies, by hindering restacking and increasing porosity through the use of urea additive.

NANOMATERIALS (2021)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Structural mechanism investigation on methanol crossover and stability of a passive direct methanol fuel cell performance via modified micro-porous layer

M. S. Alias et al.

Summary: This study presents a surface characterization of the modified MPL of TiO2-CNF-CB and discusses in detail the mechanism on the power density drop due to increment of methanol concentration. The study also tests the performance and stability of the modified MPL. The results show that the mixture of TiO2-CNF-CB improved the stability of the DMFC over long-term performance testing.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH (2021)

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High-Performance Fuel Cells with a Plasma-Etched Polymer Electrolyte Membrane with Microhole Arrays

Changwook Seol et al.

Summary: Interface engineering based on micro/nanostructures design and fabrication is an effective way to enhance the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. In this study, spatially hole-array patterned PEMs with different hole depths were fabricated using plasma etching and polymeric stencil techniques. Modified MEAs with patterned PEMs showed higher performance, with PE8-MEA demonstrating the highest enhancement due to locally thinning effect, geometrically favorable features, and increased interfacial contact area.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2021)

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Optimizing Catalyst Loading Ratio between the Anode and Cathode for Ultralow Catalyst Usage in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell

Jinwon Lee et al.

Summary: The U.S. Department of Energy sets the target Pt catalyst loading at 0.125 mg(Pt) cm(-2) for both cathode and anode in order to ensure the economic viability of PEMFC. Experimental results show that a membrane electrode assembly with 70% catalyst loading on the cathode side exhibits the highest performance, with a maximum power density of 643 mW cm(-2).

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A critical review on surface-pattern engineering of nafion membrane for fuel cell applications

Yuzhi Ke et al.

Summary: Surface-pattern engineering is a key strategy for fabricating high-performance Nafion membranes for fuel cells, with single-scale and multiscale patterned structures believed to improve membrane electrode assembly performance. The effects of different patterned structures on the construction and performance of fuel cells have been extensively studied, highlighting the importance of surface pattern engineering in membrane development for fuel cell applications.

RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS (2021)

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Conformation-modulated three-dimensional electrocatalysts for high-performance fuel cell electrodes

Jong Min Kim et al.

Summary: A three-dimensionally customized, multiscale Pt nanoarchitecture demonstrated superior performance and durability compared to commercial Pt/C materials in fuel cells. The study suggests that controlling the structure through precision engineering of reaction surfaces and mass transfer can lead to the design and fabrication of high-performance electrocatalysts.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A Review on Bioinspired Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Design and Materials

Sara Pedram et al.

Summary: With the climate crisis becoming increasingly recognized, clean energy solutions such as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have garnered significant interest due to their high energy density, efficiency, and zero greenhouse gas emissions. However, challenges in component design, manufacturing cost, and stability remain. Bioinspired designs offer promise in providing new insights and solutions for developing materials and structures for various fuel cell components.

ADVANCED ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Engineering Catalyst Layers for Next-Generation Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: A Review of Design, Materials, and Methods

Theo A. M. Suter et al.

Summary: PEFCs are a promising replacement for fossil fuel-dependent automotive and energy sectors, but significant limitations on durability and performance remain. Research shows that Catalyst layer design has a significant impact on device power density and durability, but consensus is difficult to reach due to various factors. A wider understanding and research are needed in order to optimize performance, improve durability, and reduce costs.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2021)

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Proceedings Paper Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A review on advances in 3D metal printing

Basavraj Gadagi et al.

Summary: This review paper discusses the advances in 3D metal printing methods and the challenges posed by the melting process of metal materials. It also highlights the benefits of additive manufacturing and its applications in various industries, while acknowledging the limitations in terms of material strength and other factors impacting the final 3D printed parts.

MATERIALS TODAY-PROCEEDINGS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Catalytic layer-membrane electrode assembly methods for optimum triple phase boundaries and fuel cell performances

Imen Fouzai et al.

Summary: Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), designed for mobility applications, require a delicate balance in electrode formation with a key focus on the triple phase boundary (TPB). Current research aims to replace Pt with non-noble metals or reduce Pt loading, while optimizing TPB structure. Emerging technologies like print-light synthesis are explored for catalyst deposition and nanostructure formation.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Microstructured membranes for improving transport resistances in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Michael T. Y. Paul et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2020)

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Preparation of a Graphitized-Carbon-Supported PtNi Octahedral Catalyst and Application in a Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Jue Wang et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2020)

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Article Thermodynamics

Performance enhancement in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with a novel 3D flow field

Jun Shen et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2020)

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Design and optimization of bio-inspired wave-like channel for a PEM fuel cell applying genetic algorithm

Genchun Cai et al.

ENERGY (2020)

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Preparation of hierarchical-pore gas diffusion layer for fuel cell

Tianya Li et al.

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Enhancing Oxygen Reduction Activity of Pt-based Electrocatalysts: From Theoretical Mechanisms to Practical Methods

Zhong Ma et al.

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Two/three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide coating for porous flow distributor in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Gil Won Lee et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2020)

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Nanostructured ultrathin catalyst layer with ordered platinum nanotube arrays for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Ruoyi Deng et al.

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Effect of Pore Former on Carbon Black-Polytetrafluoroethylene-Based Monolithic Gas Diffusion Media for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Sruthi Kattamanchi et al.

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Effect of Dual Porous Layers with Patterned Wettability on Low-Temperature Start Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell

Guozhuo Wang et al.

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Sputter-etching treatment of proton-exchange membranes: Completely dry thin-film approach to low-loading catalyst-coated membranes for water electrolysis

Tomas Hrbek et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2020)

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Engineering the Low Coordinated Pt Single Atom to Achieve the Superior Electrocatalytic Performance toward Oxygen Reduction

Zhongxin Song et al.

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Configuring the Porosity and Microstructure of Carbon Paper Electrode Using Pore Formers and Its Influence on the Performance of PEMFC

Sadiya Waseem et al.

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Yulin Wang et al.

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Manojkumar Balakrishnan et al.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2020)

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An ultra-thin, flexible, low-cost and scalable gas diffusion layer composed of carbon nanotubes for high-performance fuel cells

Jun Wei et al.

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Great improvement in the performance and lifetime of a fuel cell using a highly dense, well-ordered, and cone-shaped Nation array

Fandi Ning et al.

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Membrane/Electrode Interface Design for Effective Water Management in Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells

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Graded Microporous Layers for Enhanced Capillary-Driven Liquid Water Removal in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

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Analysis of single- and two-phase flow characteristics of 3-D fine mesh flow field of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

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Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine-Treated Reinforced Composite Membranes with Self-Supported CeOx Radical Scavengers for Highly Stable PEM Fuel Cells

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Triple phase boundary augmentation in hierarchical, Pt grafted N-doped mesoporous carbon nanofibers for high performance and durable PEM fuel cells

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Direct hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle cost analysis: System and high-volume manufacturing description, validation, and outlook

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Modeling liquid water re-distributions in bi-porous layer flow-fields of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

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JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2018)

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Surface modified Nafion® membrane by ion beam bombardment for fuel cell applications

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Measurement of catalyst layer electrolyte resistance in PEFCs using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

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Functionally graded cathode catalyst layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells - I. Theoretical modeling

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A sharp peak in the performance of sputtered platinum fuel cells at ultra-low platinum loading

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Influence of pore-size distribution of diffusion layer on mass-transport problems of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

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