期刊
ACTA ETHOLOGICA
卷 25, 期 3, 页码 165-178出版社
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s10211-022-00401-5
关键词
2D; 4D; Prenatal hormone exposure; Online methodology; Sex; Empathy; Pro-environmental behavior
资金
- Council for Research in the Social Sciences, Brock University
- Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, Brock University
- Canada Research Chairs Program
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
The primary purpose of this study was to investigate whether 2D:4D ratios could be determined using participant-submitted hand images, and to examine the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and pro-environmental behaviors, attitudes, and empathy. Participants were asked to submit hand images and complete questionnaires assessing demographics, empathy, and environmental attitudes and behavior. The study found that the 2D:4D ratios fell somewhat outside of previously reported ranges, but showed acceptable consistency. There was a sex by ratio interaction for both empathy and engagement in pro-environmental behaviors, with males reporting lower empathy and less engagement, and females reporting more engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. These findings were contrary to expectations. Overall, this study provides a preliminary examination of the utility of measuring digit ratio with online samples, and sheds light on the complex relationship between sex and pro-environmental behaviors.
The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether 2D:4D ratios (a putative measure of prenatal androgen exposure) could be determined using participant-submitted hand images. The secondary purpose was to examine whether 2D:4D ratio was associated with pro-environmental behaviors, attitudes, and empathy, given the recent literature linking sex to environmental attitudes and actions. Participants (N = 1065) were asked via an online survey to submit a clear photograph of their right hand, palm side up. Participants also completed a questionnaire to assess (a) demographics, (b) dispositional empathy, and (c) environmental attitudes and behavior. A 2D:4D ratio was calculated for each participant, and the quality of each image was classified as poor, moderate, or good. We then examined the reliability of the 2D:4D image measurements, and the relationship between 2D:4D and our environmental measures. 2D:4D ratios fell somewhat outside of previously reported ranges, but the measurements did show acceptable intra-rater consistency. Although we did not find a sex difference in 2D:4D, we did find a sex by ratio interaction for both empathy and the number of pro-environmental behaviors in which individuals had engaged. Specifically, as 2D:4D ratio increased, males reported lower empathy and less engagement in pro-environmental behaviors, whereas females reported more engagement in pro-environmental behaviors (but no differences in empathy). These findings were contrary to expectations, as we anticipated that greater digit ratios (i.e., feminized) would be associated with greater empathy and pro-environmental behaviors. Overall, the findings of this study present a preliminary examination of the utility of measuring digit ratio with online samples. Furthermore, our results provide information regarding the complex relationship between sex and pro-environmental behaviors.
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