Efficient Magneto-Luminescent Nanosystems based on Rhodamine- Loaded Magnetite Nanoparticles with Optimized Heating Power and Ideal Thermosensitive Fluorescence

Nanosystems that simultaneously contain fluorescent and magnetic modules can offer decisive advantages in the development of new biomedical approaches. A biomaterial that enables multimodal imaging and contains highly efficient nanoheaters together with an intrinsic temperature sensor would become an archetypical theranostic agent. In this work, we have designed a magneto-luminescent system based on Fe3O4 NPs with large heating power and thermosensitive rhodamine (Rh) fluorophores that exhibits the ability to self-monitor the hyperthermia degree. Three samples composed of highly homogeneous Fe3O4 NPs of similar to 25 nm and different morphologies (cuboctahedrons, octahedrons, and irregular truncated-octahedrons) have been finely synthesized. These NPs have been thoroughly studied in order to choose the most efficient inorganic core for magnetic hyperthermia under clinically safe radiofrequency. Surface functionaliza-tion of selected Fe3O4 NPs has been carried out using fluorescent copolymers composed of PMAO, PEG and Rh. Copolymers with distinct PEG tail lengths (5- 20 kDa) and different Rh percentages (5, 10, and 25%) have been synthesized, finding out that the copolymer with 20 kDa PEG and 10% Rh provides the best coating for an efficient fluorescence with minimal aggregation effects. The optimized Fe3O4@Rh system offers very suitable fluorescence thermosensitivity in the therapeutic hyperthermia range. Additionally, this sample presents good biocompatibility and displays an excellent heating capacity within the clinical safety limits of the AC field (approximate to 1000 W/g at 142 kHz and 44 mT), which has been confirmed by both calorimetry and AC magnetometry. Thus, the current work opens up promising avenues toward next-generation medical technologies.

Automated summary

Nanosystems containing both fluorescent and magnetic modules have great potential in biomedical applications. In this study, a magneto-luminescent system based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles and thermosensitive rhodamine fluorophores was designed, which can self-monitor the degree of hyperthermia. The optimized nanoparticles show suitable fluorescence thermosensitivity and excellent heating capacity within the clinical safety limits, opening up promising avenues for next-generation medical technologies.