Sauropsids Cornification is Based on Corneous Beta-Proteins, a Special Type of Keratin-Associated Corneous Proteins of the Epidermis

The evolution of the process of cornification in amniote epidermis from the general process of keratinization present in simple epithelia of anamniotes took place through the evolution of specialized intermediate filament (alpha) keratins, keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) and corneous proteins (CPs). The scanty information on the three-dimensional conformation of known KAPs and CPs indicate these proteins contain alpha-helix, random coiled, or beta sheets with different lengths and organizations. CP genes originated in a chromosome locus indicated as epidermal differentiation complex (EDC), and transformed the epidermal keratinization of anamniotes into the cornified epidermis and skin appendages of amniotes (claws, beaks, and feathers). In particular, peculiar genes encoding for small proteins with a central region of 34 amino acids conformed as beta sheets were originated in the EDC of sauropsids (reptiles and birds). These proteins were traditionally indicated as beta-keratins because they form filaments of 3-4 nm in diameter and show an X-ray beta pattern. Different from other proteins of the EDC, dimers of these corneous beta-proteins associate into long polymers of filamentous proteins utilized in sauropsids skin appendages, such as scales and feathers. Future challenges in this area of research will be the study on gene regulation and expression for these proteins, their origin and evolution in different lineages of sauropsids, and their role in determining the material properties of sauropsid scales and other skin appendages. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.