Auditory Target Detection Enhances Visual Processing and Hippocampal Functional Connectivity

Though dividing one's attention between two input streams typically impairs performance, detecting a behaviorally relevant stimulus can sometimes enhance the encoding of unrelated information presented at the same time. Previous research has shown that selection of this kind boosts visual cortical activity and memory for concurrent items. An important unanswered question is whether such effects are reflected in processing quality and functional connectivity in visual regions and in the hippocampus. In this fMRI study, participants were asked to memorize a stream of naturalistic images and press a button only when they heard a predefined target tone (400 or 1,200 Hz, counterbalanced). Images could be presented with a target tone, with a distractor tone, or without a tone. Auditory target detection increased activity throughout the ventral visual cortex but lowered it in the hippocampus. Enhancements in functional connectivity between the ventral visual cortex and the hippocampus were also observed following auditory targets. Multi-voxel pattern classification of image category was more accurate on target tone trials than on distractor and no tone trials in the fusiform gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus. This effect was stronger in visual cortical clusters whose activity was more correlated with the hippocampus on target tone than on distractor tone trials. In agreement with accounts suggesting that subcortical noradrenergic influences play a role in the attentional boost effect, auditory target detection also caused an increase in locus coeruleus activity and phasic pupil responses. These findings outline a network of cortical and subcortical regions that are involved in the selection and processing of information presented at behaviorally relevant moments.

Automated summary

While dividing attention between two input streams usually impairs performance, detecting a behaviorally relevant stimulus can sometimes enhance the encoding of unrelated information presented simultaneously. This fMRI study found that auditory target detection increased activity in the ventral visual cortex, decreased activity in the hippocampus, and enhanced functional connectivity between these two regions. Additionally, multi-voxel pattern classification of image category was more accurate on target tone trials than on distractor and no tone trials, particularly in visual cortical clusters that showed stronger correlation with the hippocampus during target tone trials. Auditory target detection also resulted in increased activity in the locus coeruleus and pupil responses. These findings highlight a network of cortical and subcortical regions involved in selecting and processing behaviorally relevant information.