4.6 Review

We Must Stop Fossil Fuel Emissions to Protect Permafrost Ecosystems

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Degrading permafrost river catchments and their impact on Arctic Ocean nearshore processes

Paul J. Mann et al.

Summary: The melting of permafrost in the Arctic is reshaping landscapes and threatening infrastructure, cultural sites, and natural resources. This process also impacts the delivery of organic carbon to Arctic nearshore environments, which in turn affects coastal processes, food webs, and marine resources. Future increases in runoff and permafrost thaw may further alter carbon turnover rates and OC distributions, potentially impacting coastal carbon budgets and ecosystem structure.
Article Environmental Sciences

Siberian taiga and tundra fire regimes from 2001-2020

Anna C. Talucci et al.

Summary: Wildfires in the eastern Siberian taiga and tundra have significant impacts on biophysical processes, but the lack of reliable data has hindered our understanding of these impacts. Using satellite data and geospatial analysis, we have successfully created a comprehensive fire database for the region over the past 20 years and analyzed the fire dynamics. Our findings suggest that with continued climate warming, wildfires are increasing in extent, severity, and frequency, which will have important implications for vegetation and permafrost dynamics.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

'Bog here, marshland there': tensions in co-producing scientific knowledge on solar geoengineering in the Arctic

Ilona Mettiainen et al.

Summary: This study examines the importance and rationale of public engagement in solar geoengineering research, specifically focusing on the perspective of Arctic communities. The findings suggest that public engagement can generate better knowledge, contribute to scientific research, and act as a de facto form of governance in the absence of formal governance.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2022)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the US with 100% wind-water-solar and storage

Mark Z. Jacobson et al.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

On the Radiative Impact of Biomass-Burning Aerosols in the Arctic: The August 2017 Case Study

Filippo Cali Quaglia et al.

Summary: Boreal fires have increased in recent years and are projected to become more intense and frequent due to climate change. Understanding the effects of wildfires on the Arctic climate and ecosystem is crucial for predicting the future evolution of the Arctic region.

REMOTE SENSING (2022)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Earth stewardship: Shaping a sustainable future through interacting policy and norm shifts

F. Stuart Chapin et al.

Summary: Transformation towards sustainable development requires a shift in society's focus from material wealth to a vision of equitable distribution of various capitals. Changes in policy incentives and social norms can facilitate this shift. Both norms and incentives need to change interactively, based on values, system design, and agency. Catalysts for change can include novel democratic institutions and engagement of non-governmental actors.
Article Environmental Sciences

Concerns of climate intervention: understanding geoengineering security concerns in the Arctic and beyond

Joseph Versen et al.

Summary: As the global community struggles to meet carbon emission goals and climate-related disaster becomes more likely, geoengineering technologies are being considered as a possible defense against global warming. The Arctic, given its importance in future global climate dynamics, has become a focus for prospective geoengineering efforts. However, in the near future, the regional actors in the Arctic have little incentive to use geoengineering to preserve the region.

CLIMATIC CHANGE (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Global field observations of tree die-off reveal hotter-drought fingerprint for Earth's forests

William M. Hammond et al.

Summary: This study utilizes a geo-referenced global database to quantify the impact of drought and hotter climate on tree mortality events. The research finds a strong correlation between global hotter-drought climate signals and tree mortality, and predicts a nonlinear increase in mortality frequency under projected warming.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Alpine permafrost could account for a quarter of thawed carbon based on Plio-Pleistocene paleoclimate analogue

Feng Cheng et al.

Summary: This study uses reconstruction data from the Tibetan Plateau to show the changes in permafrost carbon storage with temperature. Under warmer climate conditions, alpine areas may face higher risks of permafrost carbon thawing, highlighting the importance of further research on permafrost carbon storage and the permafrost-climate feedback.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Imminent loss of climate space for permafrost peatlands in Europe and Western Siberia

Richard E. Fewster et al.

Summary: The dynamics of permafrost peatland thaw remain uncertain due to complex permafrost-climate interactions, the insulating properties of peat soils, and variation in model projections of future climate. Under moderate and high warming scenarios, permafrost peatlands in Europe and Western Siberia will soon cross a tipping point where the climate becomes unsuitable, putting their carbon stores at risk.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2022)

Review Environmental Sciences

The impact of mercury contamination on human health in the Arctic: A state of the science review

Niladri Basu et al.

Summary: The 2021 AMAP Mercury Assessment focuses on the human health impact of Hg pollution in the Arctic, particularly on Indigenous Peoples. The results show that global influences contribute to Hg exposures and their associated adverse health outcomes. The importance of country foods in the Arctic is emphasized, but concerns over dietary transitions and food security are raised. Risk communication needs to be culturally appropriate and targeted.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2022)

Review Environmental Sciences

Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic

Edward A. G. Schuur et al.

Summary: Understanding the release of permafrost carbon and its impact on global climate is crucial in addressing the rapid Arctic environmental change.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES (2022)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Brown carbon from biomass burning imposes strong circum-Arctic warming

Siyao Yue et al.

Summary: Rapid warming in the Arctic has significant global environmental impacts. Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is a poorly understood and uncertain greenhouse gas due to limited observations. Through direct observations and modeling, this study finds that BrC, mainly originating from biomass burning in the mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, acts as a strong warming agent in the Arctic region, particularly in summer.

ONE EARTH (2022)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

A new approach to simulate peat accumulation, degradation and stability in a global land surface scheme (JULES vn5.8_accumulate_soil) for northern and temperate peatlands

Sarah E. Chadburn et al.

Summary: Peatlands have been often neglected in Earth system models (ESMs) due to the inability to capture the continuous spectrum of soil types and their dynamic nature. In this study, a new model scheme is proposed to integrate soil organic matter accumulation and peatland processes, and to track soil carbon age. The new scheme demonstrates the potential for peatlands to rewet themselves following drainage and maintain stability in the model. The evaluation results show that the new model produces realistic profiles of soil organic carbon for peatlands.

GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Identifying Barriers to Estimating Carbon Release From Interacting Feedbacks in a Warming Arctic

Rachael Treharne et al.

Summary: The permafrost region in the north holds a significant amount of soil carbon, but our understanding of its potential carbon release and the impact of pulse disturbances like thawing and fires is incomplete. Current global-scale models only consider gradual thawing and do not account for these important disturbances, leading to substantial uncertainty in projecting future permafrost carbon feedbacks.

FRONTIERS IN CLIMATE (2022)

Review Environmental Sciences

The changing thermal state of permafrost

Sharon L. Smith et al.

Summary: Permafrost temperatures have increased in polar and high-elevation regions, affecting the climate system and the integrity of natural and built environments. Changes in permafrost temperature and active-layer thickness vary spatially and are influenced by climate, vegetation, snow cover, organic-layer thickness, and ground ice content.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

Review Environmental Sciences

Drivers, dynamics and impacts of changing Arctic coasts

Anna M. Irrgang et al.

Summary: Arctic coasts are facing increasing erosion and flooding due to decreasing sea ice, thawing permafrost, and rising sea levels. This review examines the changes in Arctic coastal morphodynamics and discusses their broader impacts on Arctic systems. Climate change has a significant impact on Arctic coasts, including the loss of permafrost, sea ice, and glaciers, as well as rising sea levels. However, assessing the influence of anthropogenic warming on Arctic coastal dynamics is challenging due to limited availability of data. Despite this challenge, understanding these changes is critical as the majority of permafrost coasts are erosive, and erosion and flooding are projected to intensify.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Shallow soils are warmer under trees and tall shrubs across Arctic and Boreal ecosystems

Heather Kropp et al.

Summary: Soils are warming in the Arctic and Boreal region as temperature rises, with tall shrubs and trees expanding in the tundra. Ecosystems with tall-statured shrubs and trees have warmer shallow soils compared to short-statured tundra vegetation, indicating that ground thermal regimes in the cold season are critical for predicting soil warming. The expansion of tall shrubs and trees into tundra regions can amplify shallow soil warming and increase potential for increased seasonal thaw depth, soil carbon cycling rates, carbon dioxide loss, and permafrost thaw.

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Article Environmental Sciences

Permafrost-derived dissolved organic matter composition varies across permafrost end-members in the western Canadian Arctic

Erin N. MacDonald et al.

Summary: This study used ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize DOM derived from different permafrost end-member types in the western Canadian Arctic, revealing significant variation in DOM composition among the permafrost end-member types. The unique compound characteristics of DOM from various permafrost end-member types are primarily influenced by the parent materials of the permafrost.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Stream Dissolved Organic Matter in Permafrost Regions Shows Surprising Compositional Similarities but Negative Priming and Nutrient Effects

Ethan Wologo et al.

Summary: Permafrost degradation is releasing bioavailable dissolved organic matter (DOM) and inorganic nutrients to surface water networks, which could impact food webs and carbon balance. Addition of biolabile carbon and inorganic nutrients decreased DOM mineralization, with more negative effects on biodegradable DOM and unexpected breakdown of colored DOM. Strong nutrient limitation was observed in the uptake of added acetate across sites, suggesting that interactions between DOM properties and environmental conditions play a key role in permafrost zone waterways.

GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES (2021)

Article Biodiversity Conservation

Tundra wildfire triggers sustained lateral nutrient loss in Alaskan Arctic

Benjamin W. Abbott et al.

Summary: Climate change is causing widespread ecosystem disturbances in the permafrost zone, particularly an increase in tundra wildfires, which could lead to an increase in lateral nutrient flux, exacerbating terrestrial nutrient limitation.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Expanding infrastructure and growing anthropogenic impacts along Arctic coasts

Annett Bartsch et al.

Summary: This study provides the first comprehensive record of human activities along permafrost affected coastlines in the Arctic, using the satellite dataset SACHI. The research is crucial for understanding new changes in human impacts, especially in terms of trends in permafrost warming.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

Article Limnology

Arctic concentration-discharge relationships for dissolved organic carbon and nitrate vary with landscape and season

Arial J. Shogren et al.

Summary: The study found that the Arctic hydrologic cycle is intensifying, with different landscapes and seasons significantly influencing the transport of carbon and nutrients in river networks. Understanding the coupling of discharge and solute concentration is crucial for understanding carbon and nutrient dynamics in rapidly changing permafrost ecosystems.

LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Around one third of current Arctic Ocean primary production sustained by rivers and coastal erosion

Jens Terhaar et al.

Summary: Research indicates that carbon and nutrients from land play a significant role in Arctic Ocean ecosystems and NPP, contributing to the evolution of Arctic Ocean NPP in the future.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Biodiversity Conservation

Combating ecosystem collapse from the tropics to the Antarctic

Dana M. Bergstrom et al.

Summary: This study examines the current state and recent trajectories of ecosystem collapse globally, highlighting the pressures from global climate change and human impacts as key drivers. The manifestation of widespread ecosystem collapse serves as a stark warning of the necessity for action to alleviate further degradation. A three-step assessment and management framework is proposed to aid in strategic and effective mitigation to secure our future.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Temporal and spatial distribution of health, labor, and crop benefits of climate change mitigation in the United States

Drew Shindell et al.

Summary: Societal benefits from climate change mitigation are realized through various pathways, with improvements in air quality and reduced heat exposure leading to significant health and productivity gains. Monetized benefits, which include avoided deaths and increased labor productivity and crop yields, are in the tens of trillions of dollars. The emphasis on localized, near-term impacts of air quality can help align policies with societal benefits and increase acceptance of mitigation measures.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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International policy, recommendations, actions and mitigation efforts of anthropogenic underwater noise

Emily Chou et al.

Summary: Anthropogenic underwater noise levels have been on the rise due to increasing industrial activities in the ocean. International recognition of the adverse impacts of noise is growing, with efforts being made to understand and mitigate underwater noise through various strategies and programs. Collaboration, differing implementation capabilities, time and intensity tradeoffs, and life history stages are key considerations for effectively reducing the impacts of anthropogenic underwater noise.

OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT (2021)

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Sea ice extents continue to set new records: Arctic, Antarctic, and global results

Claire L. Parkinson et al.

Summary: The satellite dataset spanning 42 years from 1979 to 2020 reveals recent losses in sea ice coverage in both the Arctic and Antarctic, with the Arctic experiencing record low sea ice extents while the Antarctic has seen record lows since 2015. The data also shows that globally, every calendar month has recorded a new monthly record low within the past 5 years, indicating a rapid decline in global sea ice coverage.

REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Recent changes to Arctic river discharge

Dongmei Feng et al.

Summary: This study calculates daily streamflow in 486,493 pan-Arctic river reaches from 1984-2018 and reveals larger and more heterogenous total water export and water export acceleration than previously reported. Significant differences were found across basins, ecoregions, stream orders, human regulation, and permafrost regimes. The study also identified significant changes in the spring freshet and summer stream intermittency.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Spatial heterogeneity and environmental predictors of permafrost region soil organic carbon stocks

Umakant Mishra et al.

Summary: Large stocks of organic carbon have accumulated in the permafrost region of the Northern Hemisphere, with estimated amounts in the top 3 meters of soil. Analysis of over 2700 soil profiles revealed that soil wetness index and elevation are key topographic controllers, while surface air temperature and precipitation play significant roles in determining SOC stocks. The study's high-resolution geospatial assessment provides important insights for modeling the response of permafrost-affected soils to climate change.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

Review Environmental Sciences

Emergent biogeochemical risks from Arctic permafrost degradation

Kimberley R. Miner et al.

Summary: Thawing permafrost in the Arctic may release microorganisms, chemicals and nuclear waste stored in frozen ground, posing overlapping environmental risks and threatening the unique Arctic wildlife and human health. Efforts are needed to address these underappreciated risks and research priorities must be established to understand and mitigate potential hazards.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2021)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

The Arctic Carbon Cycle and Its Response to Changing Climate

Lori Bruhwiler et al.

Summary: The Arctic has experienced rapid climate change, driving changes in the carbon budget through vegetation, soil, fires, and wetlands; Observations suggest a more active CO2 cycle in high northern latitude ecosystems, with increased uptake by boreal forests and Arctic ecosystems; However, there is currently no strong evidence of increased CH4 emissions.

CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE REPORTS (2021)

Article Ecology

Long-term ice-rich permafrost coast sensitivity to air temperatures and storm influence: lessons from Pullen Island, Northwest Territories, Canada

H. Bay Berry et al.

Summary: The response of erosive mechanisms to climate change on Beaufort Sea coasts, especially in terms of block failure and slumping, is significant. Over time, there has been a noticeable increase in cliff retreat rates, with summer air temperature and storm duration showing positive correlations with cliff retreat. The data suggests that different mechanisms and geomorphological variations play a role in the heterogeneous cliff retreat rates observed.

ARCTIC SCIENCE (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem

Karn Vohra et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the significant impact of the fossil fuel component of PM2.5 on global premature mortality. The steeper concentration-response function slope at lower concentrations leads to higher estimates in Europe and North America, while the slower drop-off in slope at higher concentrations results in higher estimates in Asia.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Accelerating permafrost collapse on the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Tanguang Gao et al.

Summary: The rate of permafrost collapse is accelerating on the Tibetan Plateau, with the area of collapsed permafrost increasing by approximately a factor of 40 from 1969 to 2017, with 70% of the collapsed area forming since 2004. These widespread perturbations could trigger changes in local ecosystem state and amplify large-scale permafrost climate feedbacks.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Overwintering fires in boreal forests

Rebecca C. Scholten et al.

Summary: Some forest fires exhibit "overwintering" behavior, smoldering through the non-fire season and flaring up in the subsequent spring, particularly in boreal forests with deep organic soils. Overwintering fires in boreal forests are associated with hot summers generating large fire years and deep burning into organic soils. The spatiotemporal predictability of overwintering fires can help fire management agencies facilitate early detection and reduce carbon emissions and firefighting costs.

NATURE (2021)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Overshooting tipping point thresholds in a changing climate

Paul D. L. Ritchie et al.

Summary: This passage highlights the existence of tipping points in the climate system, where small changes could lead to substantial and irreversible alterations. Recent theories suggest that exceeding a threshold temporarily may not necessarily trigger a change in system state, especially for slow-onset tipping elements. This indicates the importance of considering timescales when assessing risks associated with overshooting tipping point thresholds.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Permafrost carbon feedbacks threaten global climate goals

Susan M. Natali et al.

Summary: The rapid warming in the Arctic has exacerbated wildfires and thawing permafrost, leading to carbon emissions that are not fully accounted for, impacting global greenhouse gas emission budgets. There is an urgent need for international cooperation to incorporate the latest scientific knowledge on carbon emissions from permafrost thaw and wildfires, and to more aggressively reduce societal emissions to address the global climate crisis.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Critical slowing down suggests that the western Greenland Ice Sheet is close to a tipping point

Niklas Boers et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years

Erle C. Ellis et al.

Summary: Archaeological and paleoecological evidence suggest that human societies have been using ecologically transformative land use practices since 10,000 BCE, shaping nearly three quarters of Earth's land by that time. The current biodiversity crisis is not primarily caused by the loss of uninhabited wildlands, but rather from the appropriation, colonization, and intensifying use of biodiverse cultural landscapes long shaped and sustained by prior societies. Recognizing the deep cultural connection with biodiversity will be crucial in resolving the crisis.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Potential ecological impacts of climate intervention by reflecting sunlight to cool Earth

Phoebe L. Zarnetske et al.

Summary: Various approaches for climate intervention have been proposed as anthropogenic climate change worsens, with solar radiation modification (SRM) being one potential method. However, there is limited research on the impacts of SRM on ecological systems, which would vary based on implementation scenarios, geographic regions, and ecosystems. Collaboration between ecologists and climate scientists is essential to better understand and communicate the potential impacts and risks of SRM on biodiversity and ecosystem services.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Carbon loss from boreal forest wildfires offset by increased dominance of deciduous trees

Michelle C. Mack et al.

Summary: Climate warming in boreal forests is leading to more frequent wildfires burning deeply into organic soils, releasing stored carbon. In Alaskan boreal forests, shifts in dominant plant species due to severe fires can compensate for increased soil carbon combustion, resulting in a net increase in carbon storage by a factor of 5.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Timescales of the permafrost carbon cycle and legacy effects of temperature overshoot scenarios

Philipp de Vrese et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that when global temperature increase is limited to 1.5 degrees C, Arctic ecosystems will take centuries to adapt to such an increase, with the resulting steady-state depending on the preceding climate trajectory.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Future increases in Arctic lightning and fire risk for permafrost carbon

Yang Chen et al.

Summary: The study found a strong positive relationship between summer lightning and CAPE and precipitation in the northern circumpolar regions. Future projections suggest that summer lightning in the Arctic is likely to more than double by the end of the century, with implications for wildfires and carbon release from permafrost.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

North American boreal forests are a large carbon source due to wildfires from 1986 to 2016

Bailu Zhao et al.

Summary: Wildfires significantly impact forest carbon balance in Alaska and Canada through immediate combustion emissions and post-fire ecosystem dynamics. The region was a net carbon source over a 31-year period, with fire emissions overwhelming net ecosystem production. Burn severity affects emission sources, with higher severity leading to a shift from vegetation to soil emissions and influencing soil respiration and nitrogen mineralization.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Permafrost Carbon and CO2 Pathways Differ at Contrasting Coastal Erosion Sites in the Canadian Arctic

George Tanski et al.

Summary: Warming temperatures and sea-level rise in the Arctic have led to increased erosion of permafrost coasts, affecting organic matter pathways and potentially leading to the release of greenhouse gases. Research on two erosion scenarios on Qikiqtaruk - Herschel Island in Canada demonstrates varying levels of CO2 release based on erosion types and residence time onshore, highlighting the importance of understanding organic carbon degradation during coastal erosion for improving carbon models.

FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE (2021)

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Marta Victoria et al.

Summary: Solar photovoltaics (PV) technology has become a highly cost-competitive technology capable of significantly reducing CO2 emissions. However, current scenarios assessing global decarbonization pathways lack recognition of the key role this technology could play.
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Low-cost renewable electricity as the key driver of the global energy transition towards sustainability

Dmitrii Bogdanov et al.

Summary: The article emphasizes the necessity of a rapid transformation of the global energy system, proposing a specific pathway towards renewable energy systems, which will bring important benefits such as energy savings, universal access to fresh water, and low-cost energy supply.

ENERGY (2021)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Onshore Thermokarst Primes Subsea Permafrost Degradation

Michael Angelopoulos et al.

Summary: The rate of permafrost degradation beneath submerged Alases was found to be up to 170% faster than submerged Yedoma remnants. Remote sensing analysis revealed that 54% of lagoons wider than 500 meters along the northeast Siberian and northwest American coasts originated in thermokarst basins, indicating their significant impact on subsea permafrost degradation.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Saltwater Intrusion Intensifies Coastal Permafrost Thaw

Julia A. Guimond et al.

Summary: The study reveals that saltwater intrusion caused by sea-level rise leads to lateral permafrost thaw due to decreased freezing temperatures, while warming induces top-down thaw. In scenarios of high sea-level rise and low warming, thaw driven by sea-level rise exceeds warming-induced thaw. This overlooked feedback mechanism between sea-level rise and permafrost thaw may have implications for coastal infrastructure, ocean-aquifer interactions, and carbon mobilization.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

Article Biodiversity Conservation

Phosphorus rather than nitrogen regulates ecosystem carbon dynamics after permafrost thaw

Guibiao Yang et al.

Summary: This study highlights the importance of soil phosphorus availability in regulating plant growth, vegetation productivity, and net ecosystem productivity in a permafrost ecosystem after thaw. The results of a 3-year field observation and in-situ fertilization experiment show that phosphorus addition has a stronger effect on plant growth than nitrogen addition, indicating the crucial role of soil phosphorus availability in altering the trajectory of permafrost carbon cycle under climate warming.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Methane release from carbonate rock formations in the Siberian permafrost area during and after the 2020 heat wave

Nikolaus Froitzheim et al.

Summary: Thawing Arctic permafrost may release methane, accelerating anthropogenic global warming. Uncertainties remain regarding carbon stocks and methane emissions.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

Article Ecology

Building adaptive capacity in a changing Arctic by use of technology

Jennifer Schmidt et al.

Summary: The rapid Arctic warming poses challenges for Indigenous communities relying on wild food, with new technologies offering both specific capabilities and potential vulnerabilities. While technology can enhance capacity to cope with climate threats, views on its overall impact and drawbacks vary among Inuit subsistence users.

ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY (2021)

Review Environmental Sciences

Direct and longer-term carbon emissions from arctic-boreal fires: A short review of recent advances

Sander Veraverbeke et al.

Summary: Increases in arctic-boreal fires can lead these biomes from being a carbon sink to a source of atmospheric carbon. Landscapes with intermediate drainage tend to experience the highest carbon combustion due to the characteristics of thick, periodically dry organic soils. Data shortages limit our understanding of carbon emissions from fires in tundra ecosystems and Eurasian boreal forests.

CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH (2021)

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Estimated effect of the permafrost carbon feedback on the zero emissions commitment to climate change

Andrew H. MacDougall

Summary: The ZECMIP project assessed Zero Emissions Commitment (ZEC), the expected change in global temperature following the cessation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The experiment suggested that the permafrost carbon cycle feedback may have some impact on ZEC, but is unlikely to change the assessment that ZEC is close to zero on decadal timescales.

BIOGEOSCIENCES (2021)

Article Geography, Physical

Thaw-driven mass wasting couples slopes with downstream systems, and effects propagate through Arctic drainage networks

Steven Kokelj et al.

Summary: The intensification of thaw-driven mass wasting is transforming glacially conditioned permafrost terrain, coupling slopes with aquatic systems, and triggering a cascade of downstream effects. Research quantifies the enlargement of retrogressive thaw slumps and describes the coupling processes between slopes and downstream systems, investigates catchment-scale patterns of slope thermokarst impacts, and maps the propagation of effects through hydrological networks. The study reveals a significant increase in catchment-scale geomorphic activity and the coupling of slope and hydrological systems, with downstream effects impacting streams, coastlines, and lakes in northwest Canada.

CRYOSPHERE (2021)

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Vulnerability of the Permafrost Landscapes in the Eastern Chukotka Coastal Plains to Human Impact and Climate Change

Alexey Maslakov et al.

Summary: This study presents the mapping and assessment of landscapes and their vulnerability to potential human impact and further climate change in the remote region of Eastern Chukotka. By combining field studies and remote sensing data analysis, the stability factors and vulnerability of different landscapes were identified within the study area. The methods used in this study can be adapted to other permafrost regions, making them flexible for future landscape vulnerability assessments.
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Summary: Understanding the role of nitrogen in plant response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide is crucial in Earth system models. This study implemented the terrestrial nitrogen cycle in the JULES model and showed improvements in predicting global ecosystem exchange. The inclusion of a nitrogen cycle in the model enhances realism and functionality, leading to more accurate projections of climate change impacts.

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Permafrost degradation enhances the risk of mercury release on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

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Carbon release through abrupt permafrost thaw

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Mitigation of Arctic permafrost carbon loss through stratospheric aerosol geoengineering

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Groundwater as a major source of dissolved organic matter to Arctic coastal waters

Craig T. Connolly et al.

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Protection of Permafrost Soils from Thawing by Increasing Herbivore Density

Christian Beer et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Wildfires lead to decreased carbon and increased nitrogen concentrations in upland arctic streams

B. M. Rodriguez-Cardona et al.

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Impact of wildfire on permafrost landscapes: A review of recent advances and future prospects

Jean E. Holloway et al.

PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES (2020)

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Landscape matters: Predicting the biogeochemical effects of permafrost thaw on aquatic networks with a state factor approach

Suzanne E. Tank et al.

PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES (2020)

Article Environmental Sciences

We cannot shrug off the shoulder seasons: addressing knowledge and data gaps in an Arctic headwater

Arial J. Shogren et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2020)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Cumulative Environmental Impacts in the Gwich'in Cultural Landscape

Tracey A. Proverbs et al.

SUSTAINABILITY (2020)

Article Geography, Physical

Recent advances in the study of Arctic submarine permafrost

Michael Angelopoulos et al.

PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Heavy metals in the Arctic: Distribution and enrichment of five metals in Alaskan soils

Clarice R. Perryman et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

Article Environmental Sciences

Sea-ice loss amplifies summertime decadal CO2increase in the western Arctic Ocean

Zhangxian Ouyang et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2020)

Editorial Material Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Arctic fires re-emerging

Jessica L. McCarty et al.

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (2020)

Article Environmental Sciences

The climate change mitigation potential of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage

S. V. Hanssen et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2020)

Review Energy & Fuels

Chronic leak detection for single and multiphase flow: A critical review on onshore and offshore subsea and arctic conditions

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JOURNAL OF NATURAL GAS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (2020)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

The status and stability of permafrost carbon on the Tibetan Plateau

Cuicui Mu et al.

EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS (2020)

Article Environmental Sciences

Subsea permafrost carbon stocks and climate change sensitivity estimated by expert assessment

Sayedeh Sara Sayedi et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Synergistic interactions among growing stressors increase risk to an Arctic ecosystem

K. R. Arrigo et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Review Environmental Sciences

Nitrous oxide emissions from permafrost-affected soils

Carolina Voigt et al.

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2020)

Article Environmental Sciences

Dynamic ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet driven by sustained glacier retreat

Michalea D. King et al.

COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT (2020)

Article Environmental Sciences

Key indicators of Arctic climate change: 1971-2017

Jason E. Box et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2019)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert judgment

Jonathan L. Bamber et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2019)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Current forest carbon fixation fuels stream CO2 emissions

A. Campeau et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

Article Oceanography

Submarine Permafrost Map in the Arctic Modeled Using 1-D Transient Heat Flux (SuPerMAP)

P. P. Overduin et al.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS (2019)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Climate Change Drives Widespread and Rapid Thermokarst Development in Very Cold Permafrost in the Canadian High Arctic

Louise M. Farquharson et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2019)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Human domination of the global water cycle absent from depictions and perceptions

Benjamin W. Abbott et al.

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (2019)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Direct observation of permafrost degradation and rapid soil carbon loss in tundra

Cesar Plaza et al.

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (2019)

Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Terawatt-scale photovoltaics: Transform global energy

Nancy M. Haegel et al.

SCIENCE (2019)

Article Environmental Sciences

Plant Uptake Offsets Silica Release From a Large Arctic Tundra Wildfire

Joanna C. Carey et al.

EARTHS FUTURE (2019)

Article Environmental Sciences

Large loss of CO2 in winter observed across the northern permafrost region

Susan M. Natali et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2019)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Warming Effects of Spring Rainfall Increase Methane Emissions From Thawing Permafrost

Rebecca B. Neumann et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2019)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Permafrost is warming at a global scale

Boris K. Biskaborn et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

Article Environmental Sciences

Sea Ice Targeted Geoengineering Can Delay Arctic Sea Ice Decline but not Global Warming

Lorenzo Zampieri et al.

EARTHS FUTURE (2019)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Mercury reallocation in thawing subarctic peatlands

M. F. Fahnestock et al.

GEOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVES LETTERS (2019)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Increasing Alkalinity Export from Large Russian Arctic Rivers

Travis W. Drake et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2018)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Permafrost Stores a Globally Significant Amount of Mercury

Paul F. Schuster et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Dependence of the evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the trajectory of climate change

A. David McGuire et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Quantifying climate feedbacks in polar regions

Hugues Goosse et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2018)

Article Oceanography

Land Ice Freshwater Budget of the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans: 1. Data, Methods, and Results

J. L. Bamber et al.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Estimating global agricultural effects of geoengineering using volcanic eruptions

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NATURE (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Extensive loss of past permafrost carbon but a net accumulation into present-day soils

Amelie Lindgren et al.

NATURE (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene

Will Steffen et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2018)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals

Mark G. Lawrence et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Land-use emissions play a critical role in landbased mitigation for Paris climate targets

Anna B. Harper et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2018)

Review Ecology

Ecological Response to Permafrost Thaw and Consequences for Local and Global Ecosystem Services

Edward A. G. Schuur et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS, VOL 49 (2018)

Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Protect the last of the wild

James E. M. Watson et al.

NATURE (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Degrading permafrost puts Arctic infrastructure at risk by mid-century

Jan Hjort et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2018)

Article Environmental Studies

Indigeneity in Geoengineering Discourses: Some Considerations

Kyle Powys Whyte

ETHICS POLICY & ENVIRONMENT (2018)

Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

CLIMATE POLICY A roadmap for rapid decarbonization

Johan Rockstroem et al.

SCIENCE (2017)

Editorial Material Environmental Sciences

COMMENTARY: Collapsing Arctic coastlines

Michael Fritz et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2017)

Article Environmental Sciences

Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend

Jianbin Huang et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2017)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Abrupt permafrost collapse enhances organic carbon, CO2, nutrient and metal release into surface waters

Sergey V. Loiko et al.

CHEMICAL GEOLOGY (2017)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Deep Yedoma permafrost: A synthesis of depositional characteristics and carbon vulnerability

Jens Strauss et al.

EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS (2017)

Article Economics

ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE PERMAFROST CARBON FEEDBACK

Louise Kessler

CLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMICS (2017)

Article Biology

Sea ice, rain-on-snow and tundra reindeer nomadism in Arctic Russia

Bruce C. Forbes et al.

BIOLOGY LETTERS (2016)

Review Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Using multi-tracer inference to move beyond single-catchment ecohydrology

Benjamin W. Abbott et al.

EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS (2016)

Article Environmental Sciences

Longer thaw seasons increase nitrogen availability for leaching during fall in tundra soils

Claire C. Treat et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2016)

Article Environmental Sciences

Biomass offsets little or none of permafrost carbon release from soils, streams, and wildfire: an expert assessment

Benjamin W. Abbott et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2016)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Methane fluxes from the sea to the atmosphere across the Siberian shelf seas

Brett F. Thornton et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2016)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon

Igor Semiletov et al.

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (2016)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Temperature response of soil respiration largely unaltered with experimental warming

Joanna C. Carey et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2016)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Circumpolar distribution and carbon storage of thermokarst landscapes

D. Olefeldt et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2016)

Article Environmental Sciences

Potential carbon emissions dominated by carbon dioxide from thawed permafrost soils

Christina Schadel et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2016)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Submarine groundwater discharge as a possible formation mechanism for permafrost-associated gas hydrate on the circum-Arctic continental shelf

Jennifer M. Frederick et al.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH (2016)

Article Environmental Sciences

Permafrost thaw and resulting soil moisture changes regulate projected high-latitude CO2 and CH4 emissions

D. M. Lawrence et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2015)

Article Biodiversity Conservation

Snowpack, fire, and forest disturbance: interactions affect montane invasions by non-native shrubs

Jens T. Stevens et al.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2015)

Article Biodiversity Conservation

A pan-Arctic synthesis of CH4 and CO2 production from anoxic soil incubations

Claire C. Treat et al.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2015)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback

E. A. G. Schuur et al.

NATURE (2015)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A shift of thermokarst lakes from carbon sources to sinks during the Holocene epoch

K. M. Walter Anthony et al.

NATURE (2014)

Article Environmental Sciences

High Arctic wetting reduces permafrost carbon feedbacks to climate warming

M. Lupascu et al.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2014)

Article Environmental Sciences

Reorganization of vegetation, hydrology and soil carbon after permafrost degradation across heterogeneous boreal landscapes

M. Torre Jorgenson et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2013)

Review Geography, Physical

Advances in Thermokarst Research

S. V. Kokelj et al.

PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES (2013)

Review Environmental Sciences

The Arctic Ocean Estuary

James W. McClelland et al.

ESTUARIES AND COASTS (2012)

Article Biodiversity Conservation

A frozen feast: thawing permafrost increases plant-available nitrogen in subarctic peatlands

Frida Keuper et al.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2012)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Riverine source of Arctic Ocean mercury inferred from atmospheric observations

Jenny A. Fisher et al.

NATURE GEOSCIENCE (2012)

Review Environmental Sciences

How does climate change influence arctic mercury?

Gary A. Stern et al.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2012)

Article Environmental Studies

Towards Integrated Ethical and Scientific Analysis of Geoengineering: A Research Agenda

Nancy Tuana et al.

ETHICS POLICY & ENVIRONMENT (2012)

Article Biodiversity Conservation

Postfire energy exchange in arctic tundra: the importance and climatic implications of burn severity

Adrian V. Rocha et al.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2011)

Article Environmental Sciences

Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance

Guido Grosse et al.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES (2011)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Solutions for a cultivated planet

Jonathan A. Foley et al.

NATURE (2011)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Circumpolar Arctic Tundra Vegetation Change Is Linked to Sea Ice Decline

Uma S. Bhatt et al.

EARTH INTERACTIONS (2010)

Article Biodiversity Conservation

Russian Arctic warming and 'greening' are closely tracked by tundra shrub willows

Bruce C. Forbes et al.

GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY (2010)

Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Analysis of the Arctic System for Freshwater Cycle Intensification: Observations and Expectations

Michael A. Rawlins et al.

JOURNAL OF CLIMATE (2010)

Article Environmental Studies

The fearful symmetry of Arctic climate change: accumulation by degradation

Leigh Johnson

ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING D-SOCIETY & SPACE (2010)

Article Environmental Sciences

Logging impacts on the biogeochemistry of boreal forest soils and nutrient export to aquatic systems: A review

David P. Kreutzweiser et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS (2009)

Article Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Increase in the rate and uniformity of coastline erosion in Arctic Alaska

B. M. Jones et al.

GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2009)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Aragonite Undersaturation in the Arctic Ocean: Effects of Ocean Acidification and Sea Ice Melt

Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai et al.

SCIENCE (2009)

Article Ecology

Community collaboration and climate change research in the Canadian Arctic

Tristan D. Pearce et al.

POLAR RESEARCH (2009)

Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

CLIMATE CHANGE AND IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH IN THE ARCTIC: AN INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON EMERGING THREATS AND THE RESPONSE OF ARCTIC COMMUNITIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUMPOLAR HEALTH (2009)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2Problem

Scott C. Doney et al.

Annual Review of Marine Science (2008)

Article Environmental Sciences

Methane production and bubble emissions from arctic lakes: Isotopic implications for source pathways and ages

K. M. Walter et al.

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES (2008)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The sensitivity of polar ozone depletion to proposed geoengineering schemes

Simone Tilmes et al.

SCIENCE (2008)

Article Geography, Physical

Patterns of permafrost formation and degradation in relation to climate and ecosystems

Y. L. Shur et al.

PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES (2007)