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Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Katharina Roltgen et al.
Summary: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, different vaccines have been used globally. This study compares the antibodies generated by mRNA vaccines, infection, and other types of vaccines. It shows that mRNA vaccines result in a better antibody breadth against viral variants compared to infection. Infection leads to variant-specific antibodies, while mRNA vaccination imprints responses towards the original virus strain. mRNA vaccines also stimulate robust germinal centers in lymph nodes, enhancing the immune response.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.
Summary: On November 24, 2021, the sequence of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron-B.1.1.529, was announced. Compared to previous variants, Omicron has a higher number of mutations in the Spike (S) protein. Serum neutralization of Omicron by individuals vaccinated or previously infected with Alpha, Beta, Gamma, or Delta variants is significantly reduced or ineffective. Third vaccine doses can boost neutralization titers against Omicron, and high titers are observed in both vaccinated individuals and those infected with the Delta variant. Most potent monoclonal antibodies and antibodies under development are unable to effectively neutralize Omicron due to mutations in its Spike protein. Omicron has structural changes compared to earlier viruses and utilizes mutations that enhance its binding to ACE2, allowing for immune escape. This results in a large number of mutations in the ACE2 binding site and a rebalancing of receptor affinity similar to earlier pandemic viruses.
Review
Infectious Diseases
Thibault Fiolet et al.
Summary: Overall, COVID-19 vaccines have high efficacy against the original strain and variants of concern, with rare serious adverse events. However, prices vary significantly for different vaccines.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Magdalini Alexandridi et al.
Summary: Since 2019, Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews has published multiple Special Issues focusing on the biology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic options for COVID-19. Despite progress in vaccines and treatments, there are challenges posed by misinformation and anti-vaccine sentiment.
CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Emma K. Accorsi et al.
Summary: Assessing the performance of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron variant is crucial for public health guidance. This study found that receiving three doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine was associated with a lower likelihood of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to being unvaccinated or receiving two doses. These findings suggest that three doses of mRNA vaccine provide protection against both Omicron and Delta variants, though the protection against Omicron may be slightly lower.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2022)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Orna Mor et al.
Summary: The study evaluated the effectiveness of the Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine against the SARS-Cov-2 Beta variant, showing that the vaccine provides substantial immunity against both Beta and Alpha variants, especially from 14 days after the second dose of the vaccine.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Alain Li Wan Po
Summary: Omicron variant of the COVID-19 virus is causing worldwide concern and may contribute to resolving the current pandemic. However, controlling the pandemic with available vaccines remains challenging.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS
(2022)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Pragya D. Yadav et al.
JOURNAL OF INFECTION
(2022)
Review
Virology
Vikram Thakur et al.
Summary: The emergence of the OMICRON variant of SARS-CoV-2 has become a global concern, spreading to over 77 countries and sparking hypotheses about its origins and infectivity. The detection of mutations in the Spike protein's RBD region is concerning, as it may surpass vaccine immunity.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Xingguang Li
Summary: The Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant may have originated from a chronically infected patient vaccinated with mRNA or non-mRNA vaccines, highlighting the need for more effective one-dose vaccines to protect against new variants in the global fight against the pandemic.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Chihiro Tani-Sassa et al.
Summary: In the summer of 2021, the rapid spread of the Delta variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus raised serious concerns globally. The Delta variant became the most prevalent in July and August, with infected patients in Tokyo being significantly younger, possibly due to vaccination of elderly individuals. Further research is needed to understand factors contributing to the increased infectivity of the Delta variant.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Letter
Virology
Shayan Rahmani et al.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Virology
Shou-Jiang Gao et al.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
William S. Hart et al.
Summary: The study found that the Delta variant transmits more quickly within households compared to the Alpha variant, likely due to rapid depletion of susceptible individuals and a possible decrease in the generation time.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
News Item
Multidisciplinary Sciences
David Adam
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Smriti Mallapaty
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lucy G. Thorne et al.
Summary: The Alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2 effectively suppresses innate immune responses in airway epithelial cells compared to first-wave isolates, possibly due to increased expression of specific viral antagonist proteins. This enhanced innate immune suppression may increase the likelihood of successful transmission of the Alpha variant and potentially impact in vivo replication and infection duration. Mutations outside the spike coding region, such as those observed in the N and Orf9b regulatory regions, play a crucial role in the adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 variants to humans.
Review
Immunology
Paul Moss
Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.
Review
Cell Biology
Cody B. Jackson et al.
Summary: The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells is facilitated by the interaction between the viral spike protein and ACE2, leading to virus-cell membrane fusion, which has been extensively studied at the structural and cellular levels worldwide. This understanding has paved the way for the development of effective vaccines in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the infection with SARS-CoV-2.
NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Victoria Hall et al.
Summary: This study investigated the duration and effectiveness of immunity among healthcare workers in the United Kingdom. It found that two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine provided high short-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, but this protection significantly decreased after six months. However, infection-acquired immunity boosted by vaccination remained high, even more than one year after infection.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Roby P. Bhattacharyya et al.
Summary: While Omicron's spread in South Africa has resulted in fewer hospitalizations and deaths per documented case compared to previous waves, caution should be exercised when making inferences about Omicron's intrinsic severity using population-level observations.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
David W. Eyre et al.
Summary: In this study, it was found that vaccination reduces the transmission risk of the Delta variant, but the protection of the vaccine decreases over time. The effectiveness of the vaccine is higher against the Alpha variant compared to the Delta variant.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Catherine Riou et al.
Summary: This study evaluated neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in patients infected with the Beta variant and those infected before its emergence. It found that CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to Beta were preserved overall, despite loss of recognition of immunogenic CD4 epitopes.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Luca T. Giurgea et al.
Summary: Vaccination is a powerful strategy to slow down the pandemic, save lives, and alleviate the burden on limited healthcare resources. However, reaching the estimated herd immunity threshold may be challenging due to various factors such as imperfect vaccine protection, viral mutations, and changing human behavior.
Article
Microbiology
Paolo Malune et al.
Summary: The study analyzed the genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in a specific region in Italy. The results showed an increasing number of mutations and variability in spike and nucleocapsid proteins over time. This information is important for guiding public health interventions.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Adeel A. Butt et al.
Summary: A retrospective cohort study in Qatar found that infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant was associated with more severe outcomes compared to the Beta variant, and being unvaccinated was linked to greater odds of severe-critical disease.
JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Editorial Material
Anesthesiology
Valentine Marie Ferre et al.
ANAESTHESIA CRITICAL CARE & PAIN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Krystallenia Paniskaki et al.
Summary: In this study, the immune response of 8 patients infected with the alpha variant after receiving double mRNA-based vaccines was analyzed. The results showed that these patients had no detectable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response against the S protein of the alpha variant, but had a strong CD4+ T cell response against the N and M proteins. Furthermore, a delayed CD4+ T cell response against the alpha S protein was observed during disease progression. These patients also had lower neutralizing antibody titers against the alpha variant compared to the vaccinated control group. Therefore, it may be necessary to include VBI patients in alternative vaccination strategies and include additional antigenic targets in next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Pragya D. Yadav et al.
Summary: This study collected samples from travelers and found that SARS-CoV-2 variants are more easily transmitted through international travel. The researchers successfully isolated two strains with high viral RNA loads, which is important for evaluating the protective efficacy of current and upcoming COVID-19 vaccines in India.
JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH
(2022)
Review
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Eman Alefishat et al.
Summary: This article discusses the heterogeneous phenotypes among COVID-19 patients and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants on immune responses. The article points out that the ability of the SARS-CoV-2 strain and new emerging variants to antagonize IFN-mediated antiviral responses can lead to higher early viral load, higher transmissibility, and milder symptoms. Among the circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2, there are some variants of concern that have the potential to evade immune responses.
JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Han-Sol Park et al.
Summary: Benchmarks for protective immunity from infection or severe disease after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are still being defined. In this study, the researchers compared different immune responses and viral variants in different groups, including vaccinated individuals and symptomatic patients. The findings showed that neutralizing antibody levels declined over time and were lower against the Alpha variant. Partially and fully vaccinated patients had lower neutralizing antibody levels against the parent virus compared to healthy controls. The study also found that neutralization activity against the Alpha variant was lower in the partially and fully vaccinated infected patients. Parent virus neutralization was identified as a predictive factor for breakthrough infections with the Alpha variant.
Article
Microbiology
Felipe Gomes Naveca et al.
Microbiology Spectrum
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
George Krashias et al.
Summary: This study provides seroprevalence data on SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the Cypriot population for the first time. The results show that the majority of infected individuals develop IgG antibodies against the virus at least 20 days after infection. The percentage of individuals with at least one antibody among those who test negative or remain untested/undetermined is comparable to other reported percentages worldwide.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Zhenkui Hu et al.
Summary: This study compared the clinical characteristics of wild-type and delta variant patients with COVID-19, as well as the impact of full vaccination on disease progression. The results showed that the delta variant may cause severe disease profiles, but timely diagnosis and full vaccination can protect patients from worsened disease progression.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biology
Alfredo Parra-Lucares et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant global impact, with a large number of people infected and deaths worldwide. The use of personal protective equipment and vaccination campaigns have helped reduce the rates of infection and death. However, the emergence of new variants, such as the Delta and Omicron variants, has led to an increase in infection rates and poses a risk to the effectiveness of international vaccination efforts. Various factors, including the molecular characteristics of the virus, geographic and environmental conditions, and social determinants of health, contribute to the development of these variants.
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Abdelmohcine Aimrane et al.
Summary: The emergence of COVID-19 has led to a focus on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Our understanding of this coronavirus, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, is still limited. Previous research on coronaviruses provides valuable knowledge to improve our understanding of this pandemic. This review aims to provide insights into the key advances in SARS-CoV-2's epidemiology, pathophysiology, life cycle, and treatment.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Giuseppe Lippi et al.
Summary: The global burden of COVID-19 continues to rise, with cases and deaths increasing and no definitive treatment identified. While vaccines have been developed and widely used, their effectiveness is challenged by various factors, including the emergence of new variants.
Article
Immunology
Massimiliano S. Tagliamonte et al.
Summary: Haiti experienced an initial wave of COVID-19 in summer 2020, with an anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity rate of about 40%. The introduction of the P.1 variant in February 2021 led to exponential local dissemination within the unvaccinated population who had prior exposure to earlier SARS-CoV-2 lineages.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Sean Wei Xiang Ong et al.
Summary: The study revealed an association between infection with the B.1.617.2 variant and increased disease severity, higher viral loads, and prolonged duration of viral shedding. Vaccination remained protective against severe outcomes.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Sivan Gazit et al.
Summary: The study compared the long-term protection of naturally acquired immunity to vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that natural immunity provides stronger protection against infection and symptomatic disease caused by the Delta variant compared to the BNT162b2 vaccine-induced immunity.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Stefan Pilz et al.
Summary: Seroprevalence surveys indicate that a significant proportion of the global population has been infected with SARS-CoV-2, and natural immunity plays a crucial role in protecting against reinfections and severe disease. National surveys show that previous infection provides a reduced risk of reinfection for at least one year, with moderate waning immunity. Natural immunity appears to have similar effectiveness against different SARS-CoV-2 variants, except for the Omicron variant which requires further study. Observational studies suggest that natural immunity may provide equal or greater protection compared to two doses of mRNA vaccines, although data are not consistent. Combining previous infection with vaccination seems to offer the greatest protection against SARS-CoV-2, but there are still knowledge gaps in this area.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Virology
Meng Zhang et al.
Summary: COVID-19, which originated in China in December 2019, has caused a worldwide pandemic. Five variants of concern (VOCs) have been identified in various countries, and they show reduced sensitivity to antibodies, posing a threat to the containment of the epidemic.
Article
Immunology
S. O. Minka et al.
Summary: Research shows that the humoral immune response decreases while the cellular immune response remains intact in the face of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOC. Booster vaccines provide protection against infection, transmission, and severe cases. The third dose of the vaccine appears to be an effective solution to combat SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOC.
IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Virology
Shihang Wang et al.
Summary: Through bioinformatics analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, this study revealed the nucleotide mutation rate, evolution rate, and mutation site characteristics of the S protein, providing insights for future surveillance and prevention of virus variants.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Review
Microbiology
Anisha Misra et al.
Summary: Existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is lacking in humans, contributing to the global pandemic. Neutralizing antibodies and adaptive cellular immune responses are identified as correlates of protection against COVID-19, but the diversity of serologic assays and the emergence of new variants pose challenges to determining a robust threshold for immunity.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Katherine A. Twohig et al.
Summary: A study in England found that patients with COVID-19 infected with the delta variant were more likely to be admitted to hospital or attend emergency care compared to those infected with the alpha variant. This suggests that outbreaks of the delta variant in unvaccinated populations may pose a greater burden on healthcare services.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Nazia Thakur et al.
Summary: This study investigated the host ACE2 receptor usage patterns of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants using viral pseudotyping, and found that these variants have different characteristics in different hosts.
JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Yosuke Hirotsu et al.
JOURNAL OF INFECTION
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Gururaj Rao Deshpande et al.
Summary: The neutralizing antibody responses significantly increased after the third dose of BBV152/Covaxin against B.1 (19.11-fold), Delta (16.51-fold), Beta (14.70-fold), and Omicron (18.53-fold) Variants of concern, compared to the two-dose vaccine, providing assurance of a protective immune response in recipients.
JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Medicinal
Carolina Espinoza et al.
Summary: This article clarifies the factors and mechanisms involved in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of COVID-19. The complex innate immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is emphasized, along with the potential effects of adaptive immune response. Host-dependent biomarkers and potential vaccine candidates are also analyzed.
MINI-REVIEWS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
News Item
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Amy Maxmen
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Ori Magen et al.
Summary: The use of a fourth dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in Israel starting on January 3, 2022, has shown significant reductions in infection rate, symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and Covid-19-related deaths by February 18.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Gili Regev-Yochay et al.
Summary: Health care workers in Israel received a fourth dose of mRNA vaccine during the prevalence of the omicron variant. The fourth dose boosted antibody levels but did not surpass the maximum observed after the third dose. The vaccine demonstrated an efficacy of 31 to 43% against symptomatic disease.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Adam S. Lauring et al.
Summary: mRNA vaccines were highly effective in preventing covid-19 associated hospital admissions related to the alpha, delta, and omicron variants. Three vaccine doses were required for protection against omicron, while two doses provided protection against delta and alpha variants. Omicron variant showed lower disease severity compared to delta variant but still resulted in morbidity and mortality. Vaccinated patients had lower disease severity than unvaccinated patients for all the variants.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Yuxuan Du et al.
Summary: There is growing evidence suggesting that the effectiveness of existing vaccines against the Omicron variant is significantly reduced with only primary vaccination. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of booster vaccination against the Omicron variant through neutralization tests. The results showed that booster vaccination can significantly enhance the neutralization of serum antibodies against the Omicron variant, although the levels are still lower compared to the original strain and other variants.
HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
(2022)
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Paul M. McKeigue et al.
Summary: This study investigated the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines against severe disease after the delta variant became predominant and whether the efficacy of two doses of the vaccine decreased over time. The results showed that the efficacy of vaccination against severe COVID-19 declined in May 2021 but was reversed in the following month. The most recent data showed that the efficacy of two doses of the ChAdOx1 vaccine was 91% and for mRNA vaccines (Pfizer or Moderna) was 92%. However, the efficacy of the ChAdOx1 vaccine decreased significantly after 20 weeks from the second dose, while the efficacy of mRNA vaccines decreased in the first ten weeks and remained stable thereafter. These findings support the implementation of additional protective measures, such as booster doses, during periods of high transmission rates.
LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Chang Kyung Kang et al.
Summary: A year after COVID-19, immune responses varied among patients with asymptomatic, mild, and severe illness, with parameters such as phagocytic capacity of antibodies and memory B-cell responses strongly associated with disease severity. These findings could inform tailored vaccination strategies post-natural infection based on COVID-19 severity.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan et al.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Rujittika Mungmunpuntipantip et al.
Summary: This letter to the editor discusses the potential additional immunoprotection provided by a fourth dose of COVID-19 vaccine, particularly when previous doses are not highly effective.
JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Vanessa C. Nicolete et al.
Summary: The emergence of the Gamma variant of SARS-CoV-2 does not seem to have affected the age-specific attack rates and proportions of symptomatic infections in the Brazilian Amazon region.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Virology
Massimo Pizzato et al.
Summary: This review provides an overview of the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells, with a focus on key factors involved in virus replication and the cellular response against the virus. Understanding the complexity of these interactions is crucial for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of viral infection and developing antiviral strategies.
FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biology
Florian A. Jochheim et al.
Summary: The study identified an alternative dimeric form of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase, which may play a role in template switching during genome replication and transcription.
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Ankur Das et al.
Summary: COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, researchers have identified the basic biology of the virus, including its genome structure and expression information, and various prevention strategies have been implemented globally.
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Miguel A. Ortega et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19 pandemic, shows higher infectivity and mortality compared to previous coronaviruses. Its aggressive nature stems from its ability to easily infect and spread through interaction with human ACE-2 receptor. The diverse patient responses highlight the importance of immune system function, with overactive responses potentially leading to severe cases. Developing therapies and vaccines to regulate immune response will be crucial in managing clinical outcomes and reducing transmission of the virus.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Saathvik R. Kannan et al.
Summary: The study revealed differences in the mutational profile between Delta and Delta Plus variants, with Delta Plus having more high-prevalence mutations and unique signature mutations. Structural analysis showed that these mutations can weaken the interactions between the virus and antibodies.
JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Changshuo Wei et al.
Summary: The study suggests that the rapid accumulation of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant may have originated from humans jumping to mice and then back to humans, indicating an inter-species evolutionary trajectory.
JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND GENOMICS
(2021)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Melchor Alvarez-Mon et al.
Summary: This study aimed to create an individualized analysis model of ICU admission or death risk for COVID-19 patients to optimize medical resource management. Using data from 3489 COVID-19 patients, variables like oxygen saturation, age, and comorbidities were found to have significant impact. A predictive model was established to categorize patients into low, medium, and high-risk levels for ICU admission or death outcomes.
JOURNAL OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Emanuele Andreano et al.
Summary: Research suggests that individuals who have been infected or vaccinated for the first time will produce antibodies with increased potency and breadth, allowing for better control of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Hiam Chemaitelly et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
A. Sarah Walker et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Molly K. Roe et al.
Summary: Coronavirus protease nsp5 (M-pro, 3CL(pro)) is a key target for coronavirus therapeutics due to its crucial role in the proteolytic processing of viral replicase polyproteins. This review discusses the structure, function, and efforts to develop inhibitors targeting nsp5, providing potential innovative strategies for effective therapeutics against the coronavirus protease.
JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Review
Oncology
Jin Shang et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in China, is primarily initiated through the interaction between the virus and ACE2 receptors, leading to damage in multiple organs. The peak viral load occurs around 10 days after fever onset, and patients in the acute stage are the primary source of infection. The immune response in COVID-19 patients may lack efficient antiviral T-cell responses, potentially explaining the severe inflammatory reactions and immune damage associated with this coronavirus.
MOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bin Zhou et al.
Summary: Research has shown that the D614G substitution in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 leads to increased binding and replication potential in humans, as well as significantly higher replication and transmissibility in different animal models, providing an explanation for the global prevalence of this variant in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Katerina Naydenova et al.
Summary: The structure of the RNA polymerase inhibitor favipiravir bound to the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been determined, revealing its binding mode at the catalytic site. The inhibitor is weakly incorporated into the RNA primer strand, leading to suppression of RNA replication in the presence of natural nucleotides.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
News Item
Medicine, General & Internal
Elisabeth Mahase
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Virology
Natalia Ruetalo et al.
Summary: The study found that antibodies and neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 may persist for a long time after recovery from COVID-19, and vaccination can rapidly boost antibodies against the S1 protein, but not the N protein. The use of the WHO reference standard may be valuable in assessing individual immune status post-infection or vaccination.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Xiao Chen et al.
Summary: By conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis, it was found that approximately 23.6% of COVID-19 infections are asymptomatic, with variations in different population groups. Subgroup analysis revealed that pregnant women, children, and screening programmes conducted after 1 March 2020 had higher rates of asymptomatic infections.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yusuke Kasuga et al.
Summary: Understanding how the innate immune system detects coronaviruses and how the viruses evade detection is crucial for developing novel strategies to combat infections. Constant evolution of coronaviruses to evade host immune responses underscores the need for in-depth research into specific viral proteins and mechanisms that suppress immunity. Targeting key receptors like TLR7 in the host immune system could be a promising therapeutic approach against coronavirus infections.
EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE
(2021)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Pere Domingo et al.
Article
Cell Biology
Abbas Khan et al.
Summary: The new variants of SARS-CoV-2 are more contagious and require further investigation on their interaction with the host receptor to identify new therapeutic options. Specific mutations in the Spike glycoprotein of the new variants may play a critical role in their unique pathogenicity.
JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Alicja Maria Chmielewska et al.
Summary: This article discusses the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, the development of vaccines, and concerns about virus variants. It also evaluates common experimental methods used to test neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants. In addition, recent studies on the immune responses elicited by available vaccines against major SARS-CoV-2 variants are briefly reviewed.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Lixin Lin et al.
Summary: Studies have shown that Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 have increased severity in terms of hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality compared to the wild-type virus, with Beta and Delta variants posing higher risks.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jorge Monserrat et al.
Summary: This study found that increased serum levels of IL-10, IL-6, and GCSF were most predictive of ICU admission and/or death in patients with severe COVID-19.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nicholas G. Davies et al.
Summary: Studies have shown that the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage is more transmissible and may cause more severe illness compared to pre-existing variants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Erik Volz et al.
Summary: Genetic and testing data from England indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 has a transmission advantage over other lineages, showing a rapid expansion during autumn 2020. Analysis of S gene target failures (SGTF) in community-based diagnostic PCR testing suggests that B.1.1.7 is more transmissible than non-variant of concern lineages and has a significant transmission advantage, with a reproduction number 50% to 100% higher. Additionally, cases of B.1.1.7 appear to include a larger share of under 20-year-olds compared to non-variant cases.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Mark S. Graham et al.
Summary: The study showed that the B.1.1.7 variant did not result in changes in COVID-19 symptoms or duration of illness, and there was no significant increase in reinfection rate compared to previous variants.
LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Ali A. Rabaan et al.
Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a severe pandemic with unknown complications. The disease leads to a cytokine storm and severe complications like multiple organ failure, acute respiratory distress, and pneumonia. Elderly individuals are at higher risk of complications, while the survival rate is relatively higher compared to other chronic diseases.
Review
Immunology
Cielo Garcia-Montero et al.
Summary: Developing vaccines has become a global priority to achieve herd immunity; successful vaccination programs require effective strategies and policies; the importance of vaccination becomes even more crucial in the face of public hesitancy, conspiracy theories, and misinformation.
Article
Fahad Imtiaz Rahman et al.
Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
(2021)
News Item
Medicine, General & Internal
Diana Duong
CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL
(2021)
Editorial Material
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Muge Cevik et al.
Summary: As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic progresses, new variants are emerging, with some highly transmissible variants like Delta raising concerns about vaccine effectiveness. Understanding the immunological correlates of protection and how laboratory findings relate to clinical effectiveness is crucial for shaping future vaccination strategies.
Article
Immunology
Isabella A. T. M. Ferreira et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 variant from India with key mutations L452R and E484Q shows reduced sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies elicited by the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, similar to the effect of L452R or E484Q mutations alone.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Review
Virology
Chaogeng Zhu et al.
Summary: The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused over 146 million confirmed cases, with no established treatment available for patients. Understanding the infectivity and pathogenicity mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, particularly the S protein, is crucial for developing intervention strategies. Insights from the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein may pave the way for more effective strategies against the ongoing pandemic.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Fei Zhang et al.
Summary: The study showed that SARS-CoV-2 cell entry could be mediated by either an ACE2-dependent or -independent mechanism, providing a molecular basis for its broad tropism. In addition, there was a correlation between infection intensity and the expression of ACE2 or Kim-1 and NRP-1 proteins.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Planas et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Delta variant, first identified in India in 2020, has become dominant in some regions and is spreading to many countries. This variant shows resistance to certain monoclonal antibodies and antibodies in convalescent sera, as well as reduced neutralization by some COVID-19 vaccines. Administration of two doses of the vaccine is needed for a neutralizing response against the Delta variant.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Felipe Gomes Naveca et al.
Summary: Analysis of circulating SARS-CoV-2 viruses during the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Amazonas, Brazil, shows successive lineage replacements led to predominance of the variant of concern P.1 and are associated with variable levels of social distancing.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Paul T. Heath et al.
Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine demonstrated an efficacy of 89.7% in a phase 3 trial with over 15,000 participants, with mild and transient reactogenicity. It showed high efficacy against the B.1.1.7 variant and a low incidence of adverse events.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthias Becker et al.
Summary: This study characterizes the antibody response from vaccinated, infected, and uninfected individuals against emerging variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2, indicating reduced neutralization of a South African isolate. High IgG titers in the saliva of vaccinees suggest reduced transmission potential.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Byung Uk Lee
Summary: This study analyzes the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant by examining the high viral load and aerosol generation capability, leading to efficient airborne transmission. Vaccination can reduce viral load of the Alpha variant, helping to mitigate aerosol transmission.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
(2021)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Sarah Alsobaie
Summary: Coronaviruses, responsible for 15-30% of atypical pneumonia cases globally, have caused the COVID-19 pandemic with the newest SARS virus, SARS-CoV-2, resulting in over 3 million deaths and over 140 million infections as of April 2021. Understanding the molecular biology and infection process of coronaviruses is crucial for developing therapeutic drugs and vaccines.
INFECTION AND DRUG RESISTANCE
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Jorge Garcia Borrega et al.
Summary: A study comparing critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant and wild-type infections found that although Alpha variant patients were younger and more likely to require mechanical ventilation, there were no significant differences in clinical course and ICU mortality between the two groups. ICU mortality rates remained high among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections, highlighting the importance of obtaining rapid and valid data for appropriate epidemiological planning of intensive care capacity in the future VOCs.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Shepherd R. Singer et al.
Summary: In Israel, two doses of BNT162b2 were found to be 72% effective against confirmed and probable Beta infections, and 100% effective against symptomatic confirmed or probable Beta infections. However, there was no evidence of protection in partially-vaccinated contacts.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Shayan Shiehzadegan et al.
Summary: The Delta variant, known as B.1.617.2, is 60% more transmissible than the alpha variant and has become the dominant strain globally. Vaccine companies like AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech, and Moderna have reported slightly reduced efficacy in protecting against this variant.
CLINICS AND PRACTICE
(2021)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Farah Chohan et al.
Summary: This case study discusses a 63-year-old African-American woman with COVID-19 who ultimately passed away due to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Patients who are unvaccinated for COVID-19 are more likely to require critical care, with most severe cases, especially ICU admissions, comprising this group.
CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Ralf Duerr et al.
Summary: The study found that breakthrough infections still occur after receiving COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, but the vaccines have high efficacy against B.1.1.7 and B.1.526 variants.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Petra Mlcochova et al.
Summary: The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2 has lower sensitivity to antibodies and higher replication efficiency compared to other lineages, which may contribute to its dominance and reduced vaccine effectiveness, highlighting the need for continued infection control measures post-vaccination.
Review
Microbiology
Philip V'kovski et al.
Summary: This review discusses key aspects of coronavirus biology and their implications for SARS-CoV-2 infections, treatment, and prevention strategies. Understanding virus-host interactions at the molecular level is crucial for developing effective intervention strategies. Summarizing the discoveries of SARS-CoV-2 infection and comparing it with other coronaviruses will support future preparedness and combat strategies.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Zunyou Wu et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2020)
Review
Immunology
Yongshi Yang et al.
JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY
(2020)
Review
Allergy
Ahmet Kursat Azkur et al.
Article
Immunology
Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan et al.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2020)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Di Wu et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2020)
Editorial Material
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Hasan K. Siddiqi et al.
JOURNAL OF HEART AND LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hauke S. Hillen et al.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yuan Huang et al.
ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA
(2020)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Victor J. Costela-Ruiz et al.
CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS
(2020)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Tung Phan
INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
(2020)
Review
Surgery
Maria Nicola et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY
(2020)
Review
Immunology
Zeinab Abdelrahman et al.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Jiaqi Xiong et al.
JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
(2020)
Review
Microbiology
Jie Cui et al.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2019)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Ali Moh Zaki et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2012)
Article
Virology
Ilona Glowacka et al.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2011)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
P Vijayanand et al.
