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Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.
Summary: On November 24, 2021, the sequence of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron-B.1.1.529, was announced. Compared to previous variants, Omicron has a higher number of mutations in the Spike (S) protein. Serum neutralization of Omicron by individuals vaccinated or previously infected with Alpha, Beta, Gamma, or Delta variants is significantly reduced or ineffective. Third vaccine doses can boost neutralization titers against Omicron, and high titers are observed in both vaccinated individuals and those infected with the Delta variant. Most potent monoclonal antibodies and antibodies under development are unable to effectively neutralize Omicron due to mutations in its Spike protein. Omicron has structural changes compared to earlier viruses and utilizes mutations that enhance its binding to ACE2, allowing for immune escape. This results in a large number of mutations in the ACE2 binding site and a rebalancing of receptor affinity similar to earlier pandemic viruses.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Markus Hoffmann et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is spreading rapidly and shows resistance to most therapeutic antibodies. It also evades neutralization by antibodies induced by infection or vaccination more efficiently than the Delta variant. This suggests that therapeutic antibodies may not be effective against the Omicron variant, and double vaccination with BNT162b2 may not provide adequate protection against severe disease caused by this variant.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Rekha Khandia et al.
Summary: Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has been rapidly evolving and mutating, leading to various variants with different levels of infectivity and lethality. The most recent variant of concern is Omicron (B.1.1.529), which has raised concerns about its ability to evade pre-existing immunity and overcome antibody-based therapies. Several theories have been proposed to explain the high number of mutations in Omicron. To successfully handle the ongoing pandemic, a multifaceted approach including rapid diagnosis, genome analysis, vaccination, and updated medical facilities is needed.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jie Wu et al.
Summary: The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the global spread of COVID-19, with ACE2 receptor believed to mediate virus entry. Recent studies focus on ACE2 expression changes and virus transmission, shedding light on the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Microbiology
Olivier Vandenberg et al.
Summary: In this review, Vandenberg et al. explore the crucial role of diagnostic tests during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, addressing technical and implementation issues encountered and suggesting future directions for improved diagnostics in potential future outbreaks.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Microbiology
Ben Hu et al.
Summary: This review summarizes the research progress on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including virology characteristics, pathogenesis, and recent advances in treatment methods. Furthermore, it discusses in detail the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Christian Gaebler et al.
Summary: After infection with SARS-CoV-2, antibody levels against the spike protein decrease significantly, but the number of memory B cells remain unchanged, indicating an evolving humoral response at 6.2 months after infection.
Review
Immunology
Hamid Motamedi et al.
Summary: The development of COVID-19 candidate vaccines involves various types, including inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA/RNA vaccines, etc. Currently, dozens of vaccines are in clinical trials or pre-clinical stages. In addition to the novel coronavirus vaccines, BCG and plant-derived vaccines are also being studied for their potential role in controlling COVID-19.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Istvan Valyi-Nagy et al.
Summary: This study compared the humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses elicited by BBIBP-CorV and BNT162b2 vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, revealing significant quantitative and qualitative differences between the two. BBIBP-CorV vaccine induced high levels of antibody responses in healthy individuals, while BNT162b2 showed slightly higher T cell responses.
Article
Infectious Diseases
David W. Eyre et al.
Summary: The study found that nearly all healthcare workers develop detectable anti-spike antibodies after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech or Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. Those with prior infection and younger age were more likely to test seropositive after the first dose.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Wenping Gong et al.
Summary: This study reviewed the concept and mechanisms of trained immunity induced by the BCG vaccine and presented details of current BCG vaccine clinical trials. The advantages of the BCG vaccine may be essential in overcoming the challenges faced by COVID-19 vaccines.
EXPERT REVIEW OF VACCINES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
John Lok Man Law et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD can induce high titers of neutralizing antibodies, activate strong cellular immune responses, and show significant cross-neutralization of variant viruses and related viruses.
Review
Immunology
Ranjith Kumavath et al.
Summary: This review covers the critical role of the Spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in infection and transmission, as well as recent advances in detection methods and vaccine efficacy. The review also discusses interactions with the host, implications in COVID-19 pathogenesis, and emerging Spike mutants.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Oscar Guzman-Martinez et al.
Summary: The study found that the BNT162b2 vaccine produced S1 IgG antibodies in 80.3% of participants after the first dose, increasing to 98.36% after the second dose. The Ad5-nCoV vaccine generated S1 IgG antibodies in 88.89% of vaccinated individuals. Both vaccines were deemed safe, with women generally producing more antibodies after vaccination.
Review
Microbiology
Alejandro Pascual-Iglesias et al.
Summary: The review summarizes the main approaches for vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2, focusing on comparing authorized vaccines in terms of their immunogenicity, efficacy in preventing severe disease, adverse side effects, protection, and ability to cope with emergent variants.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Xuemei He et al.
Summary: The new SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.529 named Omicron, reported in South Africa, has raised global concerns after being designated as a variant of concern by the WHO. With a high number of mutations, including 15 in the spike receptor-binding domain, the Omicron variant shares similarities with previous VOCs, sparking worries about its transmissibility and immune evasion.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Peng Zhou et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Qihui Wang et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alexandra C. Walls et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jun Lan et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Fatima Amanat et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Luca Piccoli et al.
Editorial Material
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Florian Krammer et al.
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nathan Post et al.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Miriam Marlene Medina-Enriquez et al.
CELL AND BIOSCIENCE
(2020)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Carina Conceicao et al.
