New Application Field of Polyethylene Oxide: PEO Nanofibers as Epoxy Toughener for Effective CFRP Delamination Resistance Improvement

Delamination is the most severe weakness affecting all composite materials with a laminar structure. Nanofibrous mat interleaving is a smart way to increase the interlaminar fracture toughness: the use of thermoplastic polymers, such as poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and polyamides (Nylons), as nonwoven is common and well established. Here, electrospun polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers are proposed as reinforcing layers for hindering delamination in epoxy-based carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. While PEO nanofibers are well known and successfully applied in medicine and healthcare, to date, their use as composite tougheners is undiscovered, resulting in the first investigation in this application field. The PEO-modified CFRP laminate shows a significant improvement in the interlaminar fracture toughness under Mode I loading: +60% and +221% in G(I,C) and G(I,R), respectively. The high matrix toughening is confirmed by the crack path analysis, showing multiple crack planes, and by the delamination surfaces, revealing that extensive phase separation phenomena occur. Under Mode II loading, the G(H) enhancement is almost 20%. Despite a widespread phase separation occurring upon composite curing, washings in water do not affect the surface delamination morphology, suggesting a sufficient humidity resistance of the PEO-modified laminate. Moreover, it almost maintains both the original stiffness and glass transition temperature (T-g), as assessed via three-point bending and dynamic mechanical analysis tests. The achieved results pave the way for using PEO nanofibrous membranes as a new effective solution for hindering delamination in epoxy-based composite laminates.

Automated summary

Delamination is a severe weakness in composite materials with a laminar structure. The use of electrospun polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers as reinforcing layers in epoxy-based carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates shows significant improvement in interlaminar fracture toughness. The PEO-modified laminate demonstrates enhanced toughness under Mode I and Mode II loading, as well as good humidity resistance and maintenance of stiffness and glass transition temperature.