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Human Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Narrative Review and Analysis of the Public Health Implications

MICROORGANISMS (2022)

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Review Virology

Epidemiological trends and clinical features of the ongoing monkeypox epidemic: A preliminary pooled data analysis and literature review

Nicola L. Bragazzi et al.

Summary: An emerging global outbreak of monkeypox infection is spreading rapidly, with clinical characteristics and transmission route different from previous outbreaks. Preliminary risk factors have been identified, but further research is needed.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2023)

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Article Virology

An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution

Igor V. Babkin et al.

Summary: The molecular evolution of orthopoxviruses was analyzed based on data from ancient VARV DNA and DNA of new orthopoxvirus species, estimating their emergence times. It was found that orthopoxviruses of the Old and New Worlds separated around 40,000 years ago, and recently discovered virus species separated around 10,000-20,000 years ago.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Article Tropical Medicine

The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review

Eveline M. Bunge et al.

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022

Andrea Antinori et al.

Summary: Since May 2022, there has been an ongoing monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries. Four cases in young adult men in Italy, who engaged in condomless sexual intercourse, were reported. The patients are in good clinical condition and do not require specific antiviral drugs. Monkeypox viral DNA was detected in seminal fluid samples. The possibility of sexual transmission of monkeypox virus needs to be investigated.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Monkeypox outbreaks outside endemic regions: scientific and social priorities

Alimuddin Zumla et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK

Hugh Adler et al.

Summary: This study retrospectively observed the clinical course of monkeypox in seven patients in the UK from 2018 to 2021. The study found that prolonged PCR positivity led to isolation of five patients for more than 3 weeks. Three patients treated with brincidofovir developed elevated liver enzymes, leading to termination of the therapy. One patient treated with tecovirimat experienced no adverse effects and had a shorter duration of viral shedding and illness compared to the other six patients.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

MONKEYPOX GOES GLOBAL: WHY SCIENTISTS ARE ON ALERT

Max Kozlov

NATURE (2022)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Monkeypox: Avoiding the Mistakes of Past Infectious Disease Epidemics

Demetre Daskalakis et al.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Prevention and Treatment of Monkeypox

John G. Rizk et al.

Summary: Human monkeypox is a zoonotic disease similar to smallpox. It can be transmitted through contact with infected animals, direct contact, respiratory droplets, and contaminated objects. Various medical countermeasures, including vaccines and antiviral drugs, are available for the treatment of monkeypox.

DRUGS (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Frequent detection of monkeypox virus DNA in saliva, semen, and other clinical samples from 12 patients, Barcelona, Spain, May to June 2022

Aida Peiro-Mestres et al.

Summary: A study found that saliva is the main source of virus detection in all cases during the monkeypox outbreak, and other samples such as rectal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, semen, urine, and feces were also frequently positive. These findings are important for understanding virus shedding and the possible role of bodily fluids in disease transmission.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Letter to the editor: multiple introductions of MPX in Italy from different geographic areas

Federica Ferraro et al.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus

Joana Isidro et al.

Summary: In this study, shotgun metagenomics were used to rapidly reconstruct and characterize the genome sequences of the largest monkeypox virus outbreak in non-endemic countries so far. The findings indicate that the outbreak most likely has a single origin and that the virus belongs to clade 3. Furthermore, the study suggests the involvement of host APOBEC3 in viral evolution and reveals signs of ongoing microevolution in the virus.

NATURE MEDICINE (2022)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Monkeypox Genital Lesions

Rita Patrocinio-Jesus et al.

Summary: This is a case of genital lesions caused by monkeypox. The patient presented with genital rash, lymphadenopathy, and ulcers.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries - April-June 2022

John P. Thornhill et al.

Summary: This report describes 528 cases of monkeypox in 16 countries. Common clinical findings include rash, mucosal lesions, fever, lethargy, and lymphadenopathy. Few patients required hospitalization.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Monkeypox Outbreak — Nine States, May 2022

Faisal S. Minhaj et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Response to the Monkeypox Outbreak — Laboratory Response Network, United States, May 17–June 30, 2022

Tricia A. Aden et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Phylogenomic analysis of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) 2022 outbreak: Emergence of a novel viral lineage?

Nicolas Luna et al.

Summary: Since May 13, 2022, there has been an increasing number of suspected and confirmed cases of monkeypox reported in non-endemic regions worldwide. Analysis of the virus genomes revealed three distinct clades, including a newly emerging clade from the 2022 outbreak. The surge in cases and widespread geographical spread suggest multiple factors driving the current outbreak dynamics.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease

Darwin A. Leon-Figueroa et al.

Summary: This article discusses the ongoing emergence of various viral zoonoses after the COVID-19 pandemic, with a particular focus on the increasing concern of monkeypox in Europe, North America, and other regions.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2022)

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Article Otorhinolaryngology

New endemic and pandemic pathologies with interhuman airborne transmission through ear, nose and throat anatomical sites

Francesco Di Gennaro et al.

Summary: This article describes the structural, clinical, and transmission aspects of the main respiratory viruses responsible for endemic, epidemic, and pandemic infections, highlighting the importance of airborne transmission.

ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of a Potential Smallpox Therapeutic, Brincidofovir, in a Lethal Monkeypox Virus Animal Model

Christina L. Hutson et al.

Summary: This study focuses on the need for therapeutics to combat VARV bioterrorist threats and evaluates the efficacy of the smallpox drug brincidofovir in the MPXV prairie dog model. Results show that the timing of treatment initiation has a significant impact on the drug's effectiveness under different dosing regimens.

MSPHERE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Reemergence of Human Monkeypox and Declining Population Immunity in the Context of Urbanization, Nigeria, 2017-2020

Phi-Yen Nguyen et al.

Summary: The monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria from 2017 to 2020 serves as a case study for emerging zoonoses, with declining immunity contributing to the substantial resurgence of the disease. Factors such as population growth, accumulation of unvaccinated cohorts, and decline in smallpox vaccine immunity were identified as key drivers for the renewed outbreak.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Human monkeypox - After 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication

Karl Simpson et al.

VACCINE (2020)

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Human-to-Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, United Kingdom, October 2018

Aisling Vaughan et al.

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Imported Monkeypox, Singapore

Sarah Ee Fang Yong et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Immunology

Human Monkeypox Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Prevention

Eskild Petersen et al.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The 2017 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria-Report of outbreak experience and response in the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Dimie Ogoina et al.

PLOS ONE (2019)

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Review Infectious Diseases

A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy

Ellen M. Beer et al.

PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (2019)

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Article Immunology

Diagnosis of Imported Monkeypox, Israel, 2018

Noam Erez et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2019)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Two cases of monkeypox imported to the United Kingdom, September 2018

Aisling Vaughan et al.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2018)

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Article Immunology

Extended Human-to-Human Transmission during a Monkeypox Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Leisha Diane Nolen et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2016)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Comparison of Monkeypox Virus Clade Kinetics and Pathology within the Prairie Dog Animal Model Using a Serial Sacrifice Study Design

Christina L. Hutson et al.

BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2015)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Susceptibility of Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) to Monkeypox Virus: A Low Dose Prospective Model for Monkeypox and Smallpox Disease

Eric M. Mucker et al.

PLOS ONE (2015)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Co-administration of the broad-spectrum antiviral, brincidofovir (CMX001), with smallpox vaccine does not compromise vaccine protection in mice challenged with ectromelia virus

Scott Parker et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2014)

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Article Immunology

Genomic Variability of Monkeypox Virus among Humans, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Jeffrey R. Kugelman et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2014)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis

DB Di Giulio et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2004)

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