Hereditary Basis of Coat Color and Excellent Feed Conversion Rate of Red Angus Cattle by Next-Generation Sequencing Data

Simple Summary This study identified several variants and candidates with strong associations to coat color in Angus cattle by using genome sequencing data. In particular, the MC1R variants, which are a truncated MC1R protein obtained by altering the MCIR coding sequence region, result in lighter coat color and further enrich the genetic basis between DNA damage and melanin production caused. This study not only helped understand the hereditary basis of different coat colors, but also provided new ideas for future research on meat phenotypes. However, the putative candidate genes or markers identified in this study require further investigation to confirm their phenotypic causality and potential effective genetic relationships. Angus cattle have made remarkable contributions to the livestock industry worldwide as a commercial meat-type breed. Some evidence supported that Angus cattle with different coat colors have different feed-to-meat ratios, and the genetic basis of their coat color is inconclusive. Here, genome-wide association study was performed to investigate the genetic divergence of black and red Angus cattle with 63 public genome sequencing data. General linear model analysis was used to identify genomic regions with potential candidate variant/genes that contribute to coat color and feed conversion rate. Results showed that six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two insertion-deletions, which were annotated in five genes (ZCCHC14, ANKRD11, FANCA, MC1R, and LOC532875 [AFG3-like protein 1]), considerably diverged between black and red Angus cattle. The strongest associated loci, namely, missense mutation CHIR18_14705671 (c.296T > C) and frameshift mutation CHIR18_12999497 (c.310G>-), were located in MC1R. Three consecutive strongly associated SNPs were also identified and located in FANCA, which is widely involved in the Fanconi anemia pathway. Several SNPs of highly associated SNPs was notably enriched in ZCCHC14 and ANKRD11, which are related to myofiber growth and muscle development. This study provides a basis for the use of potential genetic markers to be used in future breeding programs to improve cattle selection in terms of coat color and meat phenotype. This study is also helpful to understand the hereditary basis of different coat colors and meat phenotypes. However, the putative candidate genes or markers identified in this study require further investigation to confirm their phenotypic causality and potential effective genetic relationships.

Automated summary

This study identified several variants and candidates with strong associations to coat color in Angus cattle using genome sequencing data. The MC1R variants, which result in lighter coat color, further enriched the genetic basis between DNA damage and melanin production. The study also found other potential genes and markers related to meat phenotypes. However, further investigation is needed to confirm their phenotypic causality and genetic relationships.