The Interaction of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Prostaglandin E2 Signaling in Carcinogenesis: A Focus on Cervical Cancer Therapeutics

Chronic infection by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and chronic inflammation are factors associated with the onset and progression of several neoplasias, including cervical cancer. Oncogenic proteins E5, E6, and E7 from HPV are the main drivers of cervical carcinogenesis. In the present article, we review the general mechanisms of HPV-driven cervical carcinogenesis, as well as the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) and downstream effectors in this pathology. We also review the evidence on the crosstalk between chronic HPV infection and PGE(2) signaling, leading to immune response weakening and cervical cancer development. Finally, the last section updates the current therapeutic and preventive options targeting PGE(2)-derived inflammation and HPV infection in cervical cancer. These treatments include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prophylactic and therapeutical vaccines, immunomodulators, antivirals, and nanotechnology. Inflammatory signaling pathways are closely related to the carcinogenic nature of the virus, highlighting inflammation as a co-factor for HPV-dependent carcinogenesis. Therefore, blocking inflammatory signaling pathways, modulating immune response against HPV, and targeting the virus represent excellent options for anti-tumoral therapies in cervical cancer.

Automated summary

Chronic infection of high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and chronic inflammation are closely associated with the occurrence and progression of various neoplasms, including cervical cancer. This article reviews the general mechanisms of HPV-driven cervical carcinogenesis, as well as the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) and downstream effectors in this pathology. The research also highlights the interaction between chronic HPV infection and PGE(2) signaling, which weakens immune response and promotes the development of cervical cancer. Furthermore, the article provides an update on current therapeutic and preventive options for targeting PGE(2)-derived inflammation and HPV infection in cervical cancer, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, immunomodulators, antivirals, and nanotechnology.