Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer: Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths. Epidemiological studies have shown that both genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to the development of CRC. Several metagenomic studies of CRC have identified gut dysbiosis as a fundamental risk factor in the evolution of colorectal malignancy. Although enormous efforts and substantial progresses have been made in understanding the relationship between human gut microbiome and CRC, the precise mechanisms involved remain elusive. Recent data have shown a direct causative role of the gut microbiome in DNA damage, inflammation, and drug resistance in CRC, suggesting that modulation of gut microbiome could act as a powerful tool in CRC prevention and therapy. Here, we provide an overview of the relationship between gut microbiome and CRC, and explore relevant mechanisms of colorectal tumorigenesis. We next highlight the potential of bacterial species as clinical biomarkers, as well as their roles in therapeutic response. Factors limiting the clinical translation of gut microbiome and strategies for resolving current challenges are further discussed.

Automated summary

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and deadly form of cancer, with both genetic and environmental factors playing a role in its development. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiome has been identified as a risk factor for CRC. Recent data has shown that the gut microbiome is directly involved in DNA damage, inflammation, and drug resistance in CRC, suggesting that modulating the gut microbiome could be a powerful tool in prevention and therapy. This article provides an overview of the relationship between the gut microbiome and CRC, explores the mechanisms of colorectal tumorigenesis, and discusses the potential of bacterial species as clinical biomarkers.