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Rhodopsins: An Excitingly Versatile Protein Species for Research, Development and Creative Engineering

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The inner mechanics of rhodopsin guanylyl cyclase during cGMP-formation revealed by real-time FTIR spectroscopy

Paul Fischer et al.

Summary: Enzymerhodopsins are a newly discovered class of rhodopsins, including several different types such as histidine kinase rhodopsin, rhodopsin phosphodiesterases, and rhodopsin guanylyl cyclases (RGCs). The regulatory influence of the rhodopsin domain on enzyme activity remains partially understood, but is crucial for a deeper understanding of intra-molecular signaling pathways. By studying the light-induced dynamics of a RGC from the Catenaria anguillulae fungus, researchers gained insights into the catalytic process and structural rearrangements upon photo-activation of the protein.
Review Physiology

Seeing the Light: The Use of Zebrafish for Optogenetic Studies of the Heart

Jonathan S. Baillie et al.

Summary: Optogenetics, as a powerful experimental technique for probing (patho-)physiological function, has been utilized in cardiac research for over a decade. The zebrafish, with its genetic and functional cardiac similarities to mammals, transparent embryo for in vivo visualization, and high-throughput capabilities, represents an experimental model with unrealized potential for cardiac optogenetic studies.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Physiology

Optogenetic Stimulation of Gi Signaling Enables Instantaneous Modulation of Cardiomyocyte Pacemaking

Milan Cokic et al.

Summary: G-protein signaling pathways play a crucial role in regulating cardiac function, and optogenetic techniques utilizing opsin proteins allow precise activation in cardiomyocytes. The application of long wavelength-sensitive cone opsin (LWO) in this study demonstrated effective and specific activation of the G(i) signaling cascade in cardiomyocytes with high temporal precision.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Simple Models to Study Spectral Properties of Microbial and Animal Rhodopsins: Evaluation of the Electrostatic Effect of Charged and Polar Residues on the First Absorption Band Maxima

Andrey A. Shtyrov et al.

Summary: This study introduces simple models to estimate the direct effect of charged or polar residue substitutions in proteins from the rhodopsin family, without the need for extensive calculations. The models are based on absorption maximum values calculated at a theoretical level for the retinal chromophore in an external electrostatic field. The proposed approach was evaluated against various mutants and can be useful for interpreting experimental data and designing proteins with desired spectral properties.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Modified Rhodopsins From Aureobasidium pullulans Excel With Very High Proton-Transport Rates

Sabine Panzer et al.

Summary: Aureobasidium pullulans, a black fungus, possesses genes coding for putative opsins ApOps1, ApOps2, and ApOps3. Heterologous expression and site-directed mutagenesis enabled the creation of light-gated proton channels with potential for optogenetic applications.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Retinal Vibrations in Bacteriorhodopsin are Mechanically Harmonic but Electrically Anharmonic: Evidence From Overtone and Combination Bands

Victor A. Lorenz-Fonfria et al.

Summary: The study revealed the fundamental vibrational characteristics of the chromophore in bacteriorhodopsin membrane protein and its role in the proton-pumping mechanism of the protein. By investigating vibrational spectra, researchers compared differences between all-trans and 13-cis retinal, and identified the overtone and combination transitions of the retinal's C-C stretching vibrations. The latest research suggests that the intensity of overtone C-C transitions in retinal may be overestimated.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES (2021)

Article Biology

Pro219 is an electrostatic color determinant in the light-driven sodium pump KR2

Yuta Nakajima et al.

Summary: Mutations of amino acid at position 219 of the sodium pump rhodopsin, KR2, play a crucial role in color tuning of the retinal chromophore, with the exception of P219R. The red-shifting variations are mainly induced by electrostatic interactions of the G/P switch, while the blue-shifted P219R variant involves both electrostatic and steric changes accompanied by protonation state and hydrogen bond networks modifications. The complexity of the results highlights the difficulty in predicting the operation of the switch without considering atomistic details and environmental consequences of the side chain replacement.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Detergent-free Lipodisq Nanoparticles Facilitate High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry of Folded Integral Membrane Proteins

Kin Kuan Hoi et al.

Summary: The study used native MS to investigate the spectra of membrane proteins in different membrane mimetics, revealing that SMA may favor selective solubilization of correctly folded proteins. The results provide insights into the correlation between PTMs, lipid interactions, and protein folding states.

NANO LETTERS (2021)

Article Neurosciences

Efficient optogenetic silencing of neurotransmitter release with a mosquito rhodopsin

Mathias Mahn et al.

Summary: A mosquito homolog of vertebrate encephalopsin was found to effectively suppress synaptic transmission through a specific signaling pathway, triggering lasting synaptic output inhibition that recovers spontaneously in vitro and in vivo. This discovery opens up new avenues for functional exploration of long-range neuronal circuits in vivo.

NEURON (2021)

Article Neurosciences

A photoswitchable GPCR-based opsin for presynaptic inhibition

Bryan A. Copits et al.

Summary: This study introduces a GPCR-based opsin called parapinopsin (PPO), which can rapidly and reversibly inhibit the release of glutamate, GABA, and dopamine at presynaptic terminals by coupling with G(i/o) signaling cascades. PPO alters reward behaviors in a time-locked and reversible manner in vivo, filling a significant gap in the neuroscience toolkit for rapid and reversible synaptic inhibition.

NEURON (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Optical Switching Between Long-lived States of Opsin Transmembrane Voltage Sensors

Gaoxiang Mei et al.

Summary: Opsin-based transmembrane voltage sensors (OTVSs) are widely used in optogenetic applications to measure voltage changes. In this study, QuasAr2 and NovArch were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, revealing the ability to optically switch between different states, with NovArch showing a previously unknown complexity in its photophysical properties.

PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Early-stage dynamics of chloride ion-pumping rhodopsin revealed by a femtosecond X-ray laser

Ji-Hye Yun et al.

Summary: Utilizing time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography, this study reveals the dynamic process of ion transport by chloride ion-pumping rhodopsin under light illumination, involving retinal isomerization, water molecule rearrangement, and residue conformational changes.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Crystal structure of schizorhodopsin reveals mechanism of inward proton pumping

Akimitsu Higuchi et al.

Summary: SzRs, a newly identified rhodopsin family in Asgard archaea, exhibit unique kinetic behaviors in inward H+ release compared to other H+ pumps. The crystal structure of SzR AM_5_00977 revealed that key residues and structural features are different from other microbial rhodopsins, suggesting a distinct mechanism for inward H+ release.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

Article Biology

Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography reveals early structural changes in channelrhodopsin

Kazumasa Oda et al.

Summary: Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are microbial light-gated ion channels used in optogenetics for controlling neural activity with light. Time-resolved crystallographic analyses revealed conformational changes in ChR following photoactivation, suggesting early changes in the pore-forming helices trigger the opening of the ion conducting pore.
Article Microbiology

Rapidly Improving High Light and High Temperature Tolerances of Cyanobacterial Cell Factories Through the Convenient Introduction of an AtpA-C252F Mutation

Shanshan Zhang et al.

Summary: Photosynthetic biomanufacturing is a promising method for green production of biofuels and biochemicals using carbon dioxide and solar energy. A convenient strategy has been proposed to rapidly improve the high light and high temperature tolerances of cyanobacterial chassis strains, enhancing cellular robustness and sucrose synthesizing capacities of the cell factories.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Microbiology

Assembly of Natively Synthesized Dual Chromophores Into Functional Actinorhodopsin

Kimleng Chuon et al.

Summary: Microbial rhodopsin, such as actinorhodopsin (ActR-13023), is a simple solar energy-capturing molecule that functions as a light-driven outward proton pump. The detection of the ActR-13023 gene and genes involved in chromophore synthesis pathway in the genome implies the functional expression of ActR-13023 for solar energy utilization through proton translocation.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Photoactivated voltage imaging in tissue with an archaerhodopsin-derived reporter

Miao-Ping Chien et al.

Summary: Photoactivated genetically encoded voltage indicators, such as NovArch, allow for high fluorescence signals, optical sectioning, and high time resolution simultaneously. These tools have been successfully applied to optical mapping of membrane voltage in acute mouse brain slices and in spontaneously active neurons in vivo.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

Article Biology

Exploration of natural red-shifted rhodopsins using a machine learning-based Bayesian experimental design

Keiichi Inoue et al.

Summary: Inoue, Takeuchi and colleagues propose a machine learning-based protocol to screen rhodopsins for their likelihood to be red-shifted. After experimental verification, their tool shows remarkable success at identifying rhodopsins that showed red-shift gains.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extending the Anion Channelrhodopsin-Based Toolbox for Plant Optogenetics

Yang Zhou et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the use of optogenetics to manipulate the growth of Nicotiana tabacum pollen tubes by expressing engineered ACRs. The performance of ACRs GtACR2 and ZipACR in Xenopus laevis oocytes, Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and N. tabacum pollen tubes was enhanced by molecular engineering. The reduced light sensitivity in ZipACR1 offers potential for better temporal resolution in optogenetic control of anion fluxes in plants.

MEMBRANES (2021)

Review Microbiology

Microbial Rhodopsins: The Last Two Decades

Andrey Rozenberg et al.

Summary: Microbial rhodopsins are a diverse group of photoreceptive proteins that are present in all domains of cellular life and even encoded in viral genomes. They are classified into two families: type 1 rhodopsins and heliorhodopsins, both having seven transmembrane helices with similar structures but opposite membrane orientation. These rhodopsins are involved in a variety of light-driven energy and sensory transduction processes.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF MICROBIOLOGY, VOL 75, 2021 (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A neural circuit state change underlying skilled movements

Mark J. Wagner et al.

Summary: Our study explored the transition from autonomous to coherent spiking in cerebellar Purkinje neurons during skilled movement in mice. As mice learned the task, consistent neural synchronization emerged, and optogenetic manipulations demonstrated the bi-directional modulation of reaching direction. These findings suggest that olivo-cerebellar circuits enter a synchronized state promoting motor coordination during learned movements.
Review Cell Biology

Opsins outside the eye and the skin: a more complex scenario than originally thought for a classical light sensor

Maria Nathalia Moraes et al.

Summary: Opsins have been found in organs and cells beyond light-exposed tissues, indicating functions beyond light-sensing including thermal detection. Recent studies, particularly in mammals, focus on understanding the role of opsins in peripheral tissues.

CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Thermostable light-driven inward proton pump rhodopsins

Yuma Kawasaki et al.

Summary: This study reports new Schizorhodopsins from methanogenic archaea, which show improved stability at high temperatures and exhibit light-driven inward proton transport. Additionally, it is the first time that thermally stable rhodopsins, besides outward proton pumps, have been discovered in high-temperature environments.

CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Free Energy Computation for an Isomerizing Chromophore in a Molecular Cavity via the Average Solvent Electrostatic Configuration Model: Applications in Rhodopsin and Rhodopsin-Mimicking Systems

Dmitrii M. Nikolaev et al.

Summary: A novel technique for computing free energy differences between chromophore isomers is presented, using average electrostatic solvent configuration method and free energy perturbation theory. The method accurately estimates the relative stabilities and isomerization barriers between different systems, showing good agreement with experimental observations.

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THEORY AND COMPUTATION (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Protein Response Effects on Cofactor Excitation Energies from First Principles: Augmenting Subsystem Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory with Many-Body Expansion Techniques

Linus Scholz et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the use of a simple version of embedded sTDDFT-MBE method to predict protein response effects effectively, but a higher order MBE may be required to quantitatively reproduce reference effects.

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THEORY AND COMPUTATION (2021)

Article Biology

Chimeric human opsins as optogenetic light sensitisers

Doron G. Hickey et al.

Summary: Chimeric human opsins were created with different intracellular domains from melanopsin, which affected their activity in the Gi and G(q/11) pathways. The study highlighted the importance of Ga coupling efficiency in cellular responses and introduced human opsins with unique properties for potential applications in basic research and translational therapies.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Inverse Hydrogen-Bonding Change Between the Protonated Retinal Schiff Base and Water Molecules upon Photoisomerization in Heliorhodopsin 48C12

Sahoko Tomida et al.

Summary: Heliorhodopsin (HeR) is a new class of rhodopsin discovered in 2018, exhibiting unique structural features compared to typical microbial rhodopsins. Functional analysis using low-temperature light-induced FTIR spectroscopy revealed changes in hydrogen bonding and structural rearrangement during retinal photoisomerization in HeR 48C12. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying energy storage and propagation in HeR upon retinal photoisomerization.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Transient Near-UV Absorption of the Light-Driven Sodium Pump Krokinobacter eikastus Rhodopsin 2: A Spectroscopic Marker for Retinal Configuration

Marvin Asido et al.

Summary: A transient near-UV absorption signature was identified in Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) which could serve as a marker for retinal configuration. Hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations revealed that this signature corresponds to S-0 -> S-3 and/or S-0 -> S-5 transitions, and these transitions show negligible spectral shift with changes in the protein environment. The study also explored potential optogenetic applications through near-UV quenching experiments, demonstrating ultrafast regeneration of the parent state of KR2.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Accurate Prediction of Absorption Spectral Shifts of Proteorhodopsin Using a Fragment-Based Quantum Mechanical Method

Chenfei Shen et al.

Summary: Many experiments have been conducted to investigate the color tuning of Proteorhodopsin (PR). In this study, the EE-GMFCC method was used to predict excitation energies of PRs, and results showed good correlation with experimental data. The electrostatic interactions from nearby residues, especially ASP97 and ASP227, were found to be responsible for the color tuning of PR. The study demonstrates the potential of EE-GMFCC method in accurately predicting absorption spectral shifts for biomacromolecules.

MOLECULES (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Localization atomic force microscopy

George R. Heath et al.

Summary: This study introduces a new technique called localization AFM (LAFM) that overcomes traditional AFM resolution limits by applying localization image reconstruction algorithms, allowing for structural analysis of biomolecules at the single-molecule level.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold

John Jumper et al.

Summary: Proteins are essential for life, and accurate prediction of their structures is a crucial research problem. Current experimental methods are time-consuming, highlighting the need for accurate computational approaches to address the gap in structural coverage. Despite recent progress, existing methods fall short of atomic accuracy in protein structure prediction.

NATURE (2021)

Review Neurosciences

Probing neural codes with two-photon holographic optogenetics

Hillel Adesnik et al.

Summary: Multiphoton holographic optogenetics is a tailored technique that can bridge the gap between experimental and theoretical neuroscience, offering spatial precision and the ability to create highly specific neural activity patterns to reveal fundamental aspects of neural coding for sensation, cognition and behavior. This technology has the potential to accelerate neuroscience discovery by helping to close the loop between experimental and theoretical neuroscience, leading to fundamental new insights into nervous system function and disorder.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

An optogenetic assay method for electrogenic transporters using Escherichia coli co-expressing light-driven proton pump

Masahiro Hayashi et al.

Summary: In this study, a novel measurement system for electrogenic transporters was developed, utilizing isotope-free and label-free methods to co-express specific proteins in Escherichia coli. The system successfully demonstrated light-induced inward proton transport coupled with negative electrogenic transport, with a pH increase dependent on oxalate concentration but not on the expression level of the light-driven proton pump. This optogenetic assay method showed validity by not observing pH increase in nonfunctional mutants of the electrogenic transporter.

PROTEIN SCIENCE (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Deconstructing the transmembrane core of class A G protein-coupled receptors

Steven O. Smith

Summary: Class A G protein-coupled receptors, which have evolved to recognize a wide range of ligands, possess a highly conserved core within their seven-transmembrane helix framework. However, there is still no consensus on the mechanism of ligand binding coupling or the roles of specific residues within the core. Recent insights from crystallography and NMR spectroscopy provide a new perspective on decomposing the core into its essential structural and functional elements, shedding new light on this important region.

TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cryo-EM structure and dynamics of the green-light absorbing proteorhodopsin

Stephan Hirschi et al.

Summary: The cryo-EM structure of pentameric green-light absorbing proteorhodopsin together with molecular dynamics simulations and functional studies provides insights into the proton translocation pathway and oligomerization, and a protonation-dependent mechanism for intracellular half channel hydration.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

BiPOLES is an optogenetic tool developed for bidirectional dual-color control of neurons

Johannes Vierock et al.

Summary: The authors report a Bidirectional Pair of Opsins for Light-induced Excitation and Silencing, BiPOLES, which enables potent neuronal excitation and inhibition with light of two different wavelengths. This tool allows for sensitive, reliable dual-color neuronal spiking and silencing with single- or two-photon excitation, optical tuning of the membrane voltage, and independent optogenetic control of two neuronal populations. The utility of BiPOLES is demonstrated in worms, fruit flies, mice and ferrets.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Reverse optogenetics of G protein signaling by zebrafish non-visual opsin Opn7b for synchronization of neuronal networks

Raziye Karapinar et al.

Summary: Opn7b is a non-visual G protein-coupled receptor expressed in zebrafish that can be controlled by light to modulate neuronal activity and neural circuit properties.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Physics, Applied

Conformational changes of a membrane protein determined by infrared difference spectroscopy beyond the diffraction limit

Raffaella Polito et al.

Summary: Optogenetics is a revolutionary method for studying neural activity by exploiting the optical stimulation of neurons. This study investigates the effect of gold surfaces on the photocycle of the optogenetic protein ChR2, finding that ChR2 proteins maintain their function in a 14-nm-wide gap between two gold surfaces. These results are relevant for optogenetic applications requiring physical contact between nanoscale metallic probes and neuronal cell membranes, paving the way for spectroscopic studies of transmembrane proteins at the nanoscale.

PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Imaging Voltage with Microbial Rhodopsins

Xiao Min Zhang et al.

Summary: Membrane potential, a critical parameter reflecting neuron excitability, is traditionally measured invasively by electrodes, but new fluorescent probe technologies offer high spatiotemporal resolution for individual cell activity. Genetically encoded voltage indicators show superior performance in accurately targeting genetic populations and revealing neuronal dynamics. Microbial rhodopsins, commonly used in optogenetics to manipulate neuronal activities, can also serve as fluorescent voltage indicators, with recent advances in their design and application summarized in this review.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Electronic Couplings and Electrostatic Interactions Behind the Light Absorption of Retinal Proteins

Kazuhiro J. Fujimoto

Summary: The photo-functional chromophore retinal demonstrates diverse optical absorption properties depending on its interactions with proteins and other chromophores. Quantum chemical calculations have revealed molecular mechanisms underlying light absorption in rhodopsins, providing insights into unique optical properties and strategies for artificial design.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Discovery of a microbial rhodopsin that is the most stable in extreme environments

Jin-gon Shim et al.

Summary: Tara76 rhodopsin is a highly stable proton-pumping rhodopsin, exhibiting strong resistance to various stress factors. It is suitable for a wide range of applications in the fields of bioengineering and biotechnology.

ISCIENCE (2021)

Review Biophysics

Unique Cl- pump rhodopsin with close similarity to H+ pump rhodopsin

Takashi Kikukawa

Summary: Microbial rhodopsin is a membrane protein found in unicellular microorganisms, similar to animal rhodopsin in structure but with diverse functions as a photosignal receptor, light-activated ion transporter, and enzyme. The third Cl- pump microbial rhodopsin has distinct phylogenetic characteristics from other microbial rhodopsins, representing a model for functional differentiation from H+ pumps like bacteriorhodopsin.

BIOPHYSICS AND PHYSICOBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Astronomy & Astrophysics

Sub-picosecond C=C bond photo-isomerization: evidence for the role of excited state mixing

Damianos Agathangelou et al.

Summary: This review article revisits the question of how proteins tune the isomerization speed and quantum yield, focusing on the delicate mixing of reactive and non-reactive excited states due to steric properties and electrostatic interactions with the protein environment. It outlines further avenues and new approaches that promise to advance our understanding of these intimately coupled chromophore-protein systems.

COMPTES RENDUS PHYSIQUE (2021)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Pipeline for 2-photon all-optical physiology in mouse: From viral titration and optical window implantation to binarization of calcium transients

Roberta Guimaraes Backhaus et al.

Summary: 2-photon all-optical physiology combines in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging and optogenetics for reading and manipulating neuronal microcircuits at single-cell resolution. The protocol includes optimized co-expression, virus injection, 2-photon imaging, and an analysis algorithm for calcium transients related to action potentials.

STAR PROTOCOLS (2021)

Article Ecology

The rhodopsin-retinochrome system for retinal re-isomerization predates the origin of cephalopod eyes

Oliver Voecking et al.

Summary: The study revealed the presence of orthologs of cephalopod retinochrome and RALBP in mollusks outside cephalopods. Additionally, orthologs of retinoid binding protein RLBP1 were found in polyplacophoran mollusks, cephalopods, and a phoronid. The expression of retinochrome, visual rhodopsin, RALBP, and RLBP1 were co-expressed in the larval chiton photoreceptor cells, along with multiple retinal dehydrogenases which may contribute to the rhodopsin-retinochrome system.

BMC ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION (2021)

Article Biology

Ion Transport Activity Assay for Microbial Rhodopsin Expressed in Escherichia coli Cells

Masae Konno et al.

Summary: Microbial rhodopsins have diverse functions and require rapid identification of their roles; the patch-clamp method is used for investigating ion transport mechanisms; the Escherichia coli expression system can evaluate ion transport capacity.

BIO-PROTOCOL (2021)

Article Biophysics

Structure of a retinal chromophore of dark-adapted middle rhodopsin as studied by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Izuru Kawamura et al.

Summary: This study utilized solid-state NMR to analyze the structural information of Middle Rhodopsin (MR), revealing the presence of different retinal configurations and variations in hydrogen bond strength. The study also found differences in the orientation of certain amino acids in MR compared to other microbial rhodopsins, contributing to stable retinal conformations in dark-adapted MR.

BIOPHYSICS AND PHYSICOBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Biophysics

Role of Thr82 for the unique photochemistry of TAT rhodopsin

Teppei Sugimoto et al.

Summary: The research revealed that mutating Thr82 to Asp in TAT rhodopsin significantly increased the pKa of the Schiff base, suggesting T82 as a key determinant of its unique photochemistry. The photocycle of T82D TAT rhodopsin exhibited distinct behaviors under different pH conditions, indicating a significant impact of pH on the photoreaction dynamics.

BIOPHYSICS AND PHYSICOBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Biophysics

Light-induced difference FTIR spectroscopy of primate blue-sensitive visual pigment at 163 K

Shunpei Hanai et al.

Summary: Structural studies of primate color visual pigments have been conducted using difference FTIR spectroscopy at different temperatures, revealing changes in the properties and structures of the Batho and BL intermediates.

BIOPHYSICS AND PHYSICOBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Neurosciences

Step-function luminopsins for bimodal prolonged neuromodulation

Ken Berglund et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH (2020)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Cryo-Electron Microscopy: Moving Beyond X-Ray Crystal Structures for Drug Receptors and Drug Development

Javier Garcia-Nafria et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, VOL 60 (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Analog Retinal Redshifts Visible Absorption of QuasAr Transmembrane Voltage Sensors into Near-infrared

Gaoxiang Mei et al.

PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY (2020)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Proteorhodopsin Overproduction Enhances the Long-Term Viability of Escherichia coli

Yizhi Song et al.

APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Membrane matters: The impact of a nanodisc-bilayer or a detergent microenvironment on the properties of two eubacterial rhodopsins

Srividya Ganapathy et al.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES (2020)

Review Neurosciences

Understanding the retinal basis of vision across species

Tom Baden et al.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Unlimited Potential of Microbial Rhodopsins as Optical Tools

Keiichi Kojima et al.

BIOCHEMISTRY (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Photochemical characterization of flavobacterial rhodopsin: The importance of the helix E region for heat stability

Songl Han et al.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Factors influencing the solubilization of membrane proteins from Escherichia coli membranes by styrene-maleic acid copolymers

Adrian H. Kopf et al.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Retinal Proteins: Photochemistry and Optogenetics

Hideki Kandori

BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN (2020)

Letter Cell Biology

Crystal structure of heliorhodopsin 48C12

Yang Lu et al.

CELL RESEARCH (2020)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Probing Structure and Reaction Dynamics of Proteins Using Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

David Buhrke et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Web-ARM: A Web-Based Interface for the Automatic Construction of QM/MM Models of Rhodopsins

Laura Pedraza-Gonzalez et al.

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND MODELING (2020)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Benchmarking the Performance of Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Methods on Biochromophores

Yihan Shao et al.

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THEORY AND COMPUTATION (2020)

Review Behavioral Sciences

Vitamin A: its many roles-from vision and synaptic plasticity to infant mortality

John E. Dowling

JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-NEUROETHOLOGY SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

High-resolution structural insights into the heliorhodopsin family

K. Kovalev et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Pumping mechanism of NM-R3, a light-driven bacterial chloride importer in the rhodopsin family

Ji-Hye Yun et al.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

How Do Branched Detergents Stabilize GPCRs in Micelles?

Sangbae Lee et al.

BIOCHEMISTRY (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Functions of Opsins in Drosophila Taste

Nicole Y. Leung et al.

CURRENT BIOLOGY (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mitochondrial light switches: optogenetic approaches to control metabolism

Brandon J. Berry et al.

FEBS JOURNAL (2020)

Review Crystallography

Raman Scattering: From Structural Biology to Medical Applications

Alexey V. Vlasov et al.

CRYSTALS (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

MAS NMR detection of hydrogen bonds for protein secondary structure characterization

Daniel Friedrich et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The Future of Molecular Machines

Ivan Aprahamian

ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE (2020)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Omega Rhodopsins: A Versatile Class of Microbial Rhodopsins

Soon-Kyeong Kwon et al.

JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Conserved Proline Hinge Mediates Helix Dynamics and Activation of Rhodopsin

Andreyah L. Pope et al.

STRUCTURE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Molecular mechanism of light-driven sodium pumping

Kirill Kovalev et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Dual Photoisomerization on Distinct Potential Energy Surfaces in a UV-Absorbing Rhodopsin

Yusaku Hontani et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Femtosecond-to-millisecond structural changes in a light-driven sodium pump

Petr Skopintsev et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

New Malonate-Derived Tetraglucoside Detergents for Membrane Protein Stability

Muhammad Ehsan et al.

ACS CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (2020)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Tailoring Spectral and Photochemical Properties of Bioinspired Retinal Mimics by in Silico Engineering

Mohsen M. T. El-Tahawy et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Unique Retinal Binding Pocket of Primate Blue-Sensitive Visual Pigment

Yuki Nonaka et al.

BIOCHEMISTRY (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Infrared spectroscopic analysis on structural changes around the protonated Schiff base upon retinal isomerization in light-driven sodium pump KR2

Sahoko Tomida et al.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS (2020)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Excitonic coupling effect on the circular dichroism spectrum of sodium-pumping rhodopsin KR2

Kazuhiro J. Fujimoto et al.

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