4.8 Review

The role of cell-mediated immunity against influenza and its implications for vaccine evaluation

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Antibody and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Are Correlates of Protection against Influenza Infection in Vaccinated Older Adults

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Summary: Efforts to develop better vaccines for older adults are ongoing, with a focus on identifying correlates of vaccine effectiveness and understanding health outcome heterogeneity. A 4-year randomized trial found that antibody titres for A/H3N2 and IFN-γ:IL-10 ratio increments may be valuable and complementary correlates of protection against laboratory-confirmed influenza illness in vaccinated older adults.

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Summary: Influenza poses a significant threat to global public health, and influenza vaccines are an effective means of control. Current vaccines mainly induce neutralizing antibodies against the globular head of hemagglutinin, lacking cross-protection. Adjuvants, such as MF59 and AS03, have shown the ability to broaden immune responses against non-vaccine strains.

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Influenza Vaccines: Successes and Continuing Challenges

Tanja Becker et al.

Summary: Influenza vaccines have been available for over 80 years and have contributed significantly to reducing morbidity and mortality. However, limitations in their effectiveness persist due to antigenic evolution and production methods. Alternative approaches are being pursued to design and produce vaccines with broader and longer-lasting immune responses.

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Abira Paramsothy et al.

Summary: The study on critically ill patients with influenza revealed a low level of influenza-specific immune responses, including low HA-specific antibody avidity and CD8(+) T cell responses.

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Lesley R. de Armas et al.

Summary: Individuals living with HIV often show poor responses to influenza vaccination despite viral suppression through antiretroviral therapy. This study focused on identifying immune correlates of vaccine response in HIV-infected pediatric and adolescent individuals, with differences in gene expression patterns and pathways observed between high and low antibody responders. Age was also found to play a role in the immune responses, with older individuals exhibiting enriched gene pathways associated with T follicular helper cells following vaccination. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of improved vaccine strategies in HIV-infected children across different age groups.

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Emma C. Reilly et al.

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