Roles and functions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in host immune evasion

Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 ORF10 suppresses the antiviral innate immune response by degrading MAVS through mitophagy

Xingyu Li et al.

Summary: The study reveals a novel mechanism by which ORF10 of SARS-CoV-2 inhibits the innate immune response through inducing mitophagy-mediated MAVS degradation.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biology

Comparative mutational analysis of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from Pakistan and structural-functional implications using computational modelling and simulation approaches

Abdullah Shah et al.

Summary: The study revealed that the nucleocapsid protein is the most frequently mutated protein in Pakistani isolates of SARS-CoV-2, while the spike protein exhibits the highest mutation rate globally. Mutations in the spike protein enhance its binding with the ACE2 receptor, leading to increased infectivity.

COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Evolution of enhanced innate immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2

Lucy G. Thorne et al.

Summary: The Alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2 effectively suppresses innate immune responses in airway epithelial cells compared to first-wave isolates, possibly due to increased expression of specific viral antagonist proteins. This enhanced innate immune suppression may increase the likelihood of successful transmission of the Alpha variant and potentially impact in vivo replication and infection duration. Mutations outside the spike coding region, such as those observed in the N and Orf9b regulatory regions, play a crucial role in the adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 variants to humans.

NATURE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Molecular Mechanism of SARS-CoVs Orf6 Targeting the Rae1-Nup98 Complex to Compete With mRNA Nuclear Export

Tinghan Li et al.

Summary: The study investigates the role and mechanism of accessory protein Orf6 in the inhibition of host interferon signaling in coronaviruses. Orf6 interacts with the Rae1-Nup98 complex to inhibit the nuclear export of mRNA. The results show that SARS-CoV Orf6 occupies the potential mRNA-binding groove of the Rae1-Nup98 complex, and the highly conserved methionine (M58) in SARS-CoVs Orf6 plays a critical role.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES (2022)

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Article Biology

SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a pro-inflammatory cytokine response through cGAS-STING and NF-κB

Christopher J. Neufeldt et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to severe symptoms and long-lasting lung damage or death. This is often associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low antiviral responses. A specific activation of NF-kappa B and block of IRF3 nuclear translocation were observed in infected cells. The inflammatory response is mediated by cGAS-STING activation and can be attenuated through STING-targeting drugs.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2022)

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Letter Immunology

ORF9c and ORF10 as accessory proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in immune evasion

Milad Zandi

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biology

I(nsp1)ecting SARS-CoV-2-ribosome interactions

Matthieu Simeoni et al.

Summary: While SARS-CoV-2 is causing a serious health crisis, research on the virus has led to discoveries about Nsp1's molecular activity and its role in inhibiting immune responses. Structural studies have improved understanding of how Nsp1 inhibits translation and how targeting it could affect immune responses and viral replication.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The coding capacity of SARS-CoV-2

Yaara Finkel et al.

Summary: A high-resolution map of coding regions in the SARS-CoV-2 genome enables the identification of 23 unannotated open reading frames and quantification of the expression of canonical viral open reading frames.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structure of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8, a rapidly evolving immune evasion protein

Thomas G. Flower et al.

Summary: The crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 was determined at 2.04-angstrom resolution by X-ray crystallography, revealing unique dimerization interfaces that may allow the protein to form large-scale assemblies, potentially mediating immune suppression and evasion activities.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Atypical Divergence of SARS-CoV-2 Orf8 from Orf7a within the Coronavirus Lineage Suggests Potential Stealthy Viral Strategies in Immune Evasion

Russell Y. Neches et al.

Summary: Orf8 is one of the most puzzling genes in the SARS lineage of coronaviruses, showing distant sequence similarities with Orf7a and X4-like genes, with subtle conservation patterns in an immunoglobulin-like beta sandwich topology. Orf7a and Orf8 protein families exhibit different evolutionary trajectories within the coronavirus lineage, partly due to their interactions with the mammalian host cell. The high accuracy of the sequence space walk process and the idiosyncratic divergence patterns highlight the unique features of Orf8 in the evolution of the virus.

MBIO (2021)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 nsp12 attenuates type I interferon production by inhibiting IRF3 nuclear translocation

Wenjing Wang et al.

Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 nsp12 suppresses host antiviral responses by attenuating specific IFN promoter activation and impacting the function of IRF3. These findings provide new insights into the viral pathogenesis.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Sarbecovirus ORF6 proteins hamper induction of interferon signaling

Izumi Kimura et al.

Summary: The presence of ORF6 gene in sarbecoviruses like SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 inhibits innate immune signaling, including interference with type I interferon upregulation. ORF6 proteins from SARS-CoV-2 lineages are more efficient antagonists of innate immunity than those from SARS-CoV lineages, with key determinants identified as residues E46 and Q56. Additionally, ORF6's anti-innate immune activity relies on its C-terminal region and involves inhibition of IRF3 nuclear translocation, with some SARS-CoV-2 isolates showing inactivating mutations in ORF6.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Virology

SARS-CoV-2 ORF9b antagonizes type I and III interferons by targeting multiple components of the RIG-I/MDA-5-MAVS, TLR3-TRIF, and cGAS-STING signaling pathways

Lulu Han et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 ORF9b protein inhibits the production of type I and type III interferons by targeting multiple molecules of innate antiviral signaling pathways, thus facilitating viral replication.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 Disrupts Bidirectional Nucleocytoplasmic Transport through Interactions with Rae1 and Nup98

Amin Addetia et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infection results in the accumulation of nuclear mRNA, attributed to the accessory protein ORF6 which interacts with Rae1 and Nup98 to trap host mRNA in the nucleus. Both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 block the nuclear import of host proteins through interactions with Rae1 and Nup98, potentially preventing host cells from responding to viral infection.

MBIO (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 proteins reveals Orf6 pathogenicity, subcellular localization, host interactions and attenuation by Selinexor

Jin-Gu Lee et al.

Summary: This study identified Orf6 as a highly pathogenic protein in the SARS-CoV-2 genome and its interaction with key host proteins. The drug Selinexor was found to attenuate Orf6-induced cellular toxicity, suggesting it as a potential candidate for targeting Orf6 host protein interactions that lead to cytotoxicity.

CELL AND BIOSCIENCE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Crosstalk between nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and the innate immune response to viral infection

Qingtang Shen et al.

Summary: The nuclear pore complex plays a critical role in mediating communication between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm, serving as a gateway for cellular trafficking events and also being targeted by viruses for replication. Additionally, the complex is involved in the cell's innate immune response, serving as a network for signaling pathways in response to foreign invaders. The manipulation of these pathways by viruses to evade the immune system highlights the complex interplay between cellular machinery and viral infection.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Virology

SARS-CoV-2 NSP12 Protein Is Not an Interferon-β Antagonist

Aixin Li et al.

Summary: Our study revealed that while NSP12 could suppress IFN-beta promoter luciferase activity, it did not inhibit IFN-beta production or downstream signaling. Additionally, caution is needed when interpreting SARS-CoV-2-related luciferase assays due to potential contradictory results from different experimental systems.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins NSP1 and NSP13 inhibit interferon activation through distinct mechanisms

Christine Vazquez et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus blocks interferon signaling and reduces activation of NF-kappa B through distinct mechanisms, bypassing multiple innate immune activation pathways.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Translational shutdown and evasion of the innate immune response by SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 protein

Jack Chun-Chieh Hsu et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 shuts down host innate immune responses through the translation inhibition activity of NSP14, revealing insights into the pathogenesis of the virus.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The ORF8 protein of SARS-CoV-2 mediates immune evasion through down-regulating MHC-I

Yiwen Zhang et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, significantly differs from SARS in its clinical and pathological characteristics. The viral protein ORF8 of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with MHC-I molecules, leading to their down-regulation and impairment of antigen presentation system, proposing ORF8 inhibition as a potential strategy for improving immune surveillance.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Review Virology

Immune Evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Emerging Variants: What Have We Learnt So Far?

Ivana Lazarevic et al.

Summary: Although SARS-CoV-2 evolves slowly compared to other RNA viruses, its rapid transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of numerous variants, some of which have been labeled as variants of concern. These variants may have an impact on transmission, morbidity/mortality, and evasion of neutralization by antibodies, especially monoclonal antibodies.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A versatile reverse genetics platform for SARS-CoV-2 and other positive-strand RNA viruses

Alberto A. Amarilla et al.

Summary: The study shows that a simplified reverse genetics method can efficiently assemble infectious full-length cDNA, enabling easier in vitro and in vivo characterization of viruses like SARS-CoV-2.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2: from its discovery to genome structure, transcription, and replication

Ayslan Castro Brant et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious respiratory virus causing adult atypical pneumonia COVID-19 with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This virus enters susceptible cells and directly translates polyproteins to initiate viral genome replication and transcription.

CELL AND BIOSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 suppresses IFNβ production mediated by NSP1, 5, 6, 15, ORF6 and ORF7b but does not suppress the effects of added interferon

Maya Shemesh et al.

Summary: Type I interferons play a crucial role in combating viral infections, yet SARS-CoV-2 virus has evolved to disrupt immune defenses by blocking IFN beta production through six genes. Despite reducing pSTAT1 levels, the virus still activates antiviral programs and remains sensitive to added interferon, presenting a therapeutic opportunity.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 Altered the Bonding Network With Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 to Evade Host Immune System

Farooq Rashid et al.

Summary: This study investigated the impact of mutations in the ORF8 gene of SARS-CoV-2 on its binding with IRF3 and evasion of the host immune system. The findings suggest that these mutations may alter the virus's binding affinity with IRF3, aiding in immune evasion.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Accessory Proteins in Viral Pathogenesis: Knowns and Unknowns

Natalia Redondo et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the current knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins, highlighting their roles during infection and impact on the host immune response.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

TLR3 and TLR7 RNA Sensor Activation during SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Daria Bortolotti et al.

Summary: (3) Our study demonstrated that both TLR3 and TLR7 play a role in regulating innate immunity during lung SARS-CoV-2 infection. Activation of TLRs led to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons, indicating their potential as targets for early-stage infection control.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Unique and complementary suppression of cGAS-STING and RNA sensing- triggered innate immune responses by SARS-CoV-2 proteins

Yajuan Rui et al.

Summary: The study identified SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, accessory proteins, and the main viral protease as potent inhibitors of host innate immune responses of distinct pathways. Main viral protease was found to inhibit both the RLR and cGAS-STING pathways, while ORF3a had the unique ability to inhibit STING and structural protein N was a unique RLR inhibitor.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Virus-Host Interactome and Proteomic Survey Reveal Potential Virulence Factors Influencing SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis

Jingjiao Li et al.

Summary: This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis by identifying host proteins targeted by the virus and perturbed in COVID-19 patients. The findings suggest a potential link between the upregulation of cellular proteins related to neutrophil activation, blood coagulation, and downregulation of proteins mediating T cell receptor signaling in severe COVID-19 patients. The interactome analysis further reveals the potential mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 triggers cytokine storms through the induction of interleukin-8 and the facilitation of neutrophil chemotaxis.

MED (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2

Philip V'kovski et al.

Summary: This review discusses key aspects of coronavirus biology and their implications for SARS-CoV-2 infections, treatment, and prevention strategies. Understanding virus-host interactions at the molecular level is crucial for developing effective intervention strategies. Summarizing the discoveries of SARS-CoV-2 infection and comparing it with other coronaviruses will support future preparedness and combat strategies.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 membrane glycoprotein M antagonizes the MAVS-mediated innate antiviral response

Yu-Zhi Fu et al.

Summary: A novel SARS-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a serious pathogen causing high morbidity and mortality. The membrane glycoprotein M of SARS-CoV-2 was identified as a negative regulator of the innate immune response by impairing MAVS aggregation and downstream signaling, thus evading the innate antiviral response.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

Genomic variance of the 2019-nCoV coronavirus

Carmine Ceraolo et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Review Virology

Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis

Yu Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

Daniel Blanco-Melo et al.

CELL (2020)

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Review Microbiology

Type I and Type III Interferons - Induction, Signaling, Evasion, and Application to Combat COVID-19

Annsea Park et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Comparative Replication and Immune Activation Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in Human Lungs: An Ex Vivo Study With Implications for the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

Hin Chu et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Immunology

Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan

Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2

Xiaolu Tang et al.

NATIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW (2020)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 and ORF3a: Nonsynonymous Mutations, Functional Domains, and Viral Pathogenesis

Elio Issa et al.

MSYSTEMS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing

David E. Gordon et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Letter Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Orf9b suppresses type I interferon responses by targeting TOM70

He-wei Jiang et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients

Jerome Hadjadj et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural basis for translational shutdown and immune evasion by the Nsp1 protein of SARS-CoV-2

Matthias Thoms et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 proteome microarray for global profiling of COVID-19 specific IgG and IgM responses

He-wei Jiang et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Activation and evasion of type I interferon responses by SARS-CoV-2

Xiaobo Lei et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Review Microbiology

Interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the type I interferon response

Margarida Sa Ribero et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2020)

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Article Virology

The Enzymatic Activity of the nsp14 Exoribonuclease Is Critical for Replication of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2

Natacha S. Ogando et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 binds the ribosomal mRNA channel to inhibit translation

Katharina Schubert et al.

NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 Orf6 hijacks Nup98 to block STAT nuclear import and antagonize interferon signaling

Lisa Miorin et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

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Article Virology

The ORF6, ORF8 and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 inhibit type I interferon signaling pathway

Jin-Yan Li et al.

VIRUS RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2

Hongjie Xia et al.

CELL REPORTS (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

SARS-CoV-2 ORF3b Is a Potent Interferon Antagonist Whose Activity Is Increased by a Naturally Occurring Elongation Variant

Yoriyuki Konno et al.

CELL REPORTS (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

How SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) spreads within infected hosts - what we know so far

Sumana Sanyal

EMERGING TOPICS IN LIFE SCIENCES (2020)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

Genetic characterization of structural and open reading Fram-8 proteins of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from different countries

Abdullah Shah et al.

GENE REPORTS (2020)

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Review Microbiology

The role of cysteine peptidases in coronavirus cell entry and replication: The therapeutic potential of cathepsin inhibitors

Anja Pislar et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Characterizations of SARS-CoV-2 mutational profile, spike protein stability and viral transmission

Sayantan Laha et al.

INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (2020)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 nsp13, nsp14, nsp15 and orf6 function as potent interferon antagonists

Chun-Kit Yuen et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3-dependent ubiquitination of ASC

Kam-Leung Siu et al.

FASEB JOURNAL (2019)

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Article Virology

Interferon-Stimulated Genes: What Do They All Do?

John W. Schoggins

ANNUAL REVIEW OF VIROLOGY, VOL 6, 2019 (2019)

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Review Immunology

Stimulation of Innate Immunity by Host and Viral RNAs

Felix Streicher et al.

TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Immunology

Type III IFNs: Beyond antiviral protection

Kotenko Sergei et al.

SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Microbiology

TRIM23 mediates virus-induced autophagy via activation of TBK1

Konstantin M. J. Sparrer et al.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2017)

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Article Virology

MDA5 Is Critical to Host Defense during Infection with Murine Coronavirus

Zachary B. Zalinger et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2015)

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Review Immunology

Interferon-Stimulated Genes: A Complex Web of Host Defenses

William M. Schneider et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY, VOL 32 (2014)

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Article Immunology

SARS-Coronavirus Open Reading Frame-9b Suppresses Innate Immunity by Targeting Mitochondria and the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 Signalosome

Chong-Shan Shi et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2014)

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Article Immunology

Ubiquitin-Induced Oligomerization of the RNA Sensors RIG-I and MDA5 Activates Antiviral Innate Immune Response

Xiaomo Jiang et al.

IMMUNITY (2012)

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Article Virology

Measles Virus C Protein Interferes with Beta Interferon Transcription in the Nucleus

Konstantin M. J. Sparrer et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2012)

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Article Virology

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Protein nsp1 Is a Novel Eukaryotic Translation Inhibitor That Represses Multiple Steps of Translation Initiation

Kumari G. Lokugamage et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2012)

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Review Immunology

Immune Signaling by RIG-I-like Receptors

Yueh-Ming Loo et al.

IMMUNITY (2011)

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Article Virology

Interferon-stimulated genes and their antiviral effector functions

John W. Schoggins et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2011)

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Article Cell Biology

Tom70 mediates activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 on mitochondria

Xin-Yi Liu et al.

CELL RESEARCH (2010)

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Article Virology

Murine Coronavirus Induces Type I Interferon in Oligodendrocytes through Recognition by RIG-I and MDA5

Jianfeng Li et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2010)

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Article Cell Biology

The SARS Coronavirus E Protein Interacts with PALS1 and Alters Tight Junction Formation and Epithelial Morphogenesis

Kim-Tat Teoh et al.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL (2010)

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Article Microbiology

Infidelity of SARS-CoV Nsp14-Exonuclease Mutant Virus Replication Is Revealed by Complete Genome Sequencing

Lance D. Eckerle et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2010)

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Review Microbiology

Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis

Stanley Perlman et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2009)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A two-pronged strategy to suppress host protein synthesis by SARS coronavirus Nsp1 protein

Wataru Kamitani et al.

NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2009)

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Article Virology

The M, E, and N Structural Proteins of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Are Required for Efficient Assembly, Trafficking, and Release of Virus-Like Particles

Y. L. Siu et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2008)

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Article Virology

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF6 antagonizes STAT1 function by sequestering nuclear import factors on the rough endoplasmic Reticulum/Golgi membrane

Matthew Frieman et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2007)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

JAK-STAT signaling: From interferons to cytokines

Christian Schindler et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2007)

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Article Virology

Tyrosine 110 in the measles virus phosphoprotein is required to block STAT1 phosphorylation

Patricia Devaux et al.

VIROLOGY (2007)

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Article Virology

SARS corona virus peptides recognized by antibodies in the sera of convalescent cases

JP Guo et al.

VIROLOGY (2004)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Karyopherins and nuclear import

YM Chook et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY (2001)

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Roles and functions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in host immune evasion

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