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Gut Microbiota: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PS128 Alleviates Exaggerated Cortical Beta Oscillations and Motor Deficits in the 6-Hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Yi-Fan Ma et al.

Summary: This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of psychobiotic PS128 in a PD model. The results showed that PS128 suppressed disease progression and improved motor function, with longer-lasting effects compared to levodopa and deep brain stimulation. Brain tissue analysis further demonstrated the neuroprotective role of PS128 and enhanced neurotransmitter availability.

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Effect of Coffee against MPTP-Induced Motor Deficits and Neurodegeneration in Mice Via Regulating Gut Microbiota

Jiaming Liu et al.

Summary: This study found that coffee improved the motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by regulating gut microbiota. Coffee increased the level of tight junction protein and reduced astrocyte activation marker level. It also decreased the levels of proapoptotic proteins and increased the level of antiapoptotic protein, preventing apoptotic cascade. Coffee also improved gut microbiota dysbiosis. These findings suggest that coffee's neuroprotective effects on Parkinson's disease involve the regulation of gut microbiota.

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Agriculture, Multidisciplinary

Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 Reduces α-SYN Aggravation in MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice via Regulating Oxidative Damage, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota Disorder

Lei Wang et al.

Summary: Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 alleviates alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) aggregates in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease (PD) mice through various mechanisms, including activating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, suppressing the expression of inflammasomes, and modulating gut microbiota. These findings suggest that L. plantarum DP189 has the potential therapeutic effect in mitigating neurodegeneration in PD.

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Calorie restriction or dietary restriction: how far they can protect the brain against neurodegenerative diseases?

Tayana Silva de Carvalho

Summary: Finding the right nutritional intervention is challenging in treating neurodegenerative diseases. Reducing calorie intake may activate key pathways to prevent or slow down the progression of these diseases, but it is unclear whether overall calorie reduction or specific nutrient restriction is more important for neuroprotection.

NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Role of melatonin in TLR4-mediated inflammatory pathway in the MTPT-induced mouse model

Sendegul Yildirim et al.

Summary: Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, with microglial activation exacerbating the pathological consequences. Melatonin administration has been shown to reduce alpha-synuclein aggregation and TLR4-mediated inflammatory response in a mouse model of neuroinflammation.

NEUROTOXICOLOGY (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease: New insights from meta-analysis

Tzi Shin Toh et al.

Summary: The main factors influencing gut microbiome composition in Parkinson's disease patients include study and geographical differences. The microbiome composition was more similar within the same study compared to different studies. Differences in microbiome composition were significant between Caucasian and non-Caucasian populations, and also between PD patients and controls.

PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS (2022)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

The Role of the Western Diet and Oral Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease

Barbara Zapala et al.

Summary: The type of diet is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease and affects the composition of oral microflora. This study compared the diet preferences and oral microbiota profiles of patients with PD and healthy controls, and found differences in oral microbiota composition and specific bacteria abundance between the two groups. There were also differences in food preferences, with patients with PD having higher intake of certain foods compared to healthy controls.

NUTRIENTS (2022)

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Short-chain fatty acids-producing probiotics: A novel source of psychobiotics

Yiwen Cheng et al.

Summary: Psychobiotics, live microorganisms with mental health benefits, are emerging as novel therapeutic options for psychiatric disorders. Studies have identified potential psychobiotic strains, particularly SCFAs-producing bacteria like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Clostridium, which play specific roles in psychiatric disorders. These bacteria may modulate neurological processes via the microbiota-gut-brain axis, suggesting their potential as novel psychobiotics.

CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Regulating Dopaminergic Signaling

Sevag Hamamah et al.

Summary: This article focuses on the role of gut microbiota in modulating dopamine activity and bioavailability, as well as the impact of gut dysbiosis on dopamine-related pathological conditions.

BIOMEDICINES (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Probiotics and the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: An Update

Hamed Mirzaei et al.

Summary: Research has shown that probiotics can improve symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease, and mediate pharmacological effects by targeting cellular and molecular processes.

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Polymannuronic acid prebiotic plus Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic as a novel synbiotic promoted their separate neuroprotection Parkinson's disease

Xin Liu et al.

Summary: This study discovered that the combination of polymannuronic acid (PM) and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) provided neuroprotection in a chronic Parkinson's disease (PD) mice model. PM exerted neuroprotection through a short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis mechanism, while LGG may improve the expression of striatal glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and increase the abundance of Clostridiales bacteria. The combination of PM and LGG showed better neuroprotective effects than using PM or LGG alone.

FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Non-dopaminergic approaches to the treatment of motor complications in Parkinson's disease

M. Angela Cenci et al.

Summary: Dopamine replacement therapy is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, but it is limited by its side effects. Recent evidence suggests that altered dopamine transmission affects non-dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Researchers are exploring drugs that target non-dopaminergic receptors to improve the side effects of dopamine replacement therapy. This review discusses the different non-dopaminergic targets that have been studied, with a particular focus on modulators of glutamatergic and serotonergic transmission.

NEUROPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Role of probiotics and prebiotics in mitigation of different diseases

Sabeena Manzoor et al.

Summary: Probiotics and prebiotics have beneficial effects on gastrointestinal issues, overall health, and neuroimmune processes. The interaction between the microbiota-gut-brain axis profoundly influences brain function and overall well-being. They have evolved as promising therapeutic techniques for treating various gastrointestinal diseases.

NUTRITION (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease: glia-neuron crosstalk

Zhang-Li Wang et al.

Summary: This review discusses the role of iron dyshomeostasis in Parkinson's disease and the impact of glial cell activation on iron death and neuronal loss. It also explores the effects of iron death on alpha-synuclein aggregation and the potential roles of different types of glial cells in mediating iron death. Additionally, the review examines current clinical trials targeting iron homeostasis in Parkinson's disease.

TRENDS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 Promotes Intestinal Motility, Mucin Production, and Serotonin Signaling in Mice

Chih-Ming Chen et al.

Summary: This study demonstrated that Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 can promote intestinal motility, increase mucin production, and regulate serotonin signal transduction, leading to a laxative effect in mice.

PROBIOTICS AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Interplay of gut microbiota and oxidative stress: Perspective on neurodegeneration and neuroprotection

Shruti Shandilya et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown the significant impact of gut microbiota on brain functions, particularly in oxidative stress and neuroprotection. Gut bacteria metabolites play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.

JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Change in the incidence of Parkinson's disease in a large UK primary care database

Olaitan Okunoye et al.

Summary: Based on a cohort study using a large UK primary care database, this research found that the incidence of PD in the UK remained stable between 2006 and 2016 when considering age and diagnostic patterns, indicating no major change in underlying risk factors for PD during this time period in the UK.

NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Gastrointestinal involvement in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management

T. Warnecke et al.

Summary: Growing evidence suggests that dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) plays a significant role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Most PD patients experience symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, excessive saliva production, bloating, nausea, vomiting, delayed gastric emptying, and constipation. The accumulation of Lewy pathology in the GIT and central nervous system is thought to contribute to these symptoms. Complications, including malnutrition, dehydration, inadequate response to medications, pneumonia, intestinal obstruction, and megacolon, often require hospitalization. Diagnostic tools and novel treatment approaches are being developed, although more high-level evidence trials are needed. Additionally, the role of the GIT microbiome in PD is being increasingly recognized.

NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Akkermansia muciniphila induces mitochondrial calcium overload and α -synuclein aggregation in an enteroendocrine cell line

Dionisio Pedro Amorim Neto et al.

Summary: This research found a higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in fecal samples of Parkinson's disease patients and showed that the composition of A. muciniphila conditioned medium is influenced by the strain's ability to degrade mucin. Experimental results indicate that bacterial proteins can induce alpha-synuclein aggregation in enteroendocrine cells, but buffering mitochondrial calcium can reverse the damaging effects.

ISCIENCE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Probiotic Clostridium butyricum ameliorated motor deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease via gut microbiota-GLP-1 pathway

Jing Sun et al.

Summary: The study suggests that the probiotic Clostridium butyricum (Cb) has neuroprotective effects on Parkinson's disease (PD) by improving abnormal gut microbiota-gut-brain axis. This intervention could potentially reverse motor deficits, dopaminergic neuron loss, synaptic dysfunction, and microglia activation in PD, providing a new insight into treating PD through gut microbiota modulation.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2021)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

The Spectrum of Sleep Disorders in Parkinson Disease A Review

Annie C. Lajoie et al.

Summary: Sleep disturbances are common in Parkinson's disease, affecting quality of life and potentially influencing disease progression, thus requiring attention and management.

CHEST (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease: common pathophysiological links

Ho-Su Lee et al.

Summary: Inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease have been shown to have a bidirectional link, with shared genetic loci such as LRRK2. Recent studies suggest that inflammatory bowel disease may increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. The underlying mechanisms of gut-brain interactions are still not fully understood, but recent findings are beginning to shed light on this connection.

GUT (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

The Add-On Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study

Chin-Song Lu et al.

Summary: The supplementation of PS128 probiotics improved the motor scores and quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease, suggesting it could serve as a therapeutic adjuvant. However, its impact on non-motor symptoms was not significant in this study, indicating a need for further placebo-controlled research.

FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

A review on preventive role of ketogenic diet (KD) in CNS disorders from the gut microbiota perspective

Kajal Rawat et al.

Summary: The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in neurological diseases through the gut-brain axis, with factors such as diet and stress affecting colonization patterns. Recent studies have shown that the ketogenic diet can remodel the gut microbiome and have protective effects on CNS disorders. Understanding the interaction between gut microbes and KD may provide novel therapeutic approaches for neurological disorders.

REVIEWS IN THE NEUROSCIENCES (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Gut Microbial Ecosystem in Parkinson Disease: New Clinicobiological Insights from Multi-Omics

Ai Huey Tan et al.

Summary: The study found significant differences in gut microbiome and metabolome between Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and healthy controls, including changes in bioactive molecules and other compounds. Cognitive impairment, low BMI, and other factors in PD patients were associated with fecal metabolome composition differences.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Role of gut microbiota in regulating gastrointestinal dysfunction and motor symptoms in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Yogesh Bhattarai et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder associated with alterations in gut microbiota and epithelial barrier function. In a mouse model, chronic rotenone treatment resulted in changes in gut microbiota composition and increased intestinal permeability, exacerbating motor deficits.

GUT MICROBES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Is Associated with Elevated Bile Acids in Parkinson's Disease

Peipei Li et al.

Summary: The gut microbiome can impact brain health and is altered in Parkinson's disease. The vermiform appendix, a lymphoid tissue in the cecum, is implicated in the storage and regulation of the gut microbiota. Changes in the appendix microbiome in PD patients include dysbiosis affecting lipid metabolism and an increase in toxic bile acids.

METABOLITES (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Relationships of gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, inflammation, and the gut barrier in Parkinson's disease

Velma T. E. Aho et al.

Summary: This study found that intestinal inflammatory responses and reductions in fecal SCFAs occur in Parkinson's disease (PD), are related to the microbiota and to disease onset, and are not reflected in plasma inflammatory profiles. Some of these relationships are distinct in PD and are sex-dependent. This study revealed potential alterations in microbiota-host interactions and links between earlier PD onset and intestinal inflammatory responses and reduced SCFA levels.

MOLECULAR NEURODEGENERATION (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide as a biomarker in early Parkinson's disease

Seok Jong Chung et al.

Summary: This study found that lower baseline plasma TMAO levels are associated with faster increases in LED and tend to increase the risk for PD-dementia conversion, suggesting the prognostic implications of TMAO in early stage PD.

NUTRITION (2021)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

The Association Between the Gut Microbiota and Parkinson's Disease, a Meta-Analysis

Ting Shen et al.

Summary: This meta-analysis revealed lower abundance levels of Prevotellaceae, Faecalibacterium, and Lachnospiraceae, and higher abundance levels of Bifidobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and Christensenellaceae in patients with PD compared to HCs.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Review Immunology

Association of Parkinson's Disease With Microbes and Microbiological Therapy

Zhao-Ji Chen et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is the most common movement disorder globally, with main pathological changes in dopaminergic neurons and the intestine, closely related to changes in intestinal flora. Differences in intestinal flora in PD patients are associated with symptoms and drug efficacy. Further research is needed to elucidate the relationship between PD and microbes.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Structural and Functional Dysbiosis of Fecal Microbiota in Chinese Patients With Alzheimer's Disease

Zongxin Ling et al.

Summary: The study found that gut dysbiosis in Chinese Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients results in a decrease in bacterial diversity, a reduction in butyrate-producing genera positively correlated with cognitive scores, and an increase in lactate-producing genera inversely correlated with these indicators. This shift in gut dysbiosis contributes to immune disturbances in the host, serving as potential non-invasive biomarkers for distinguishing AD patients from controls. Additionally, altered functional modules in the gut microbiota of AD patients may produce immunomodulatory metabolites.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Oral Administration of Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve Improves Facilitation of Hippocampal Memory Extinction via Restoration of Aberrant Higher Induction of Neuropsin in an MPTP-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

Toshiaki Ishii et al.

Summary: The study showed that oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve strain A1 could reverse the facilitation of hippocampal memory extinction in PD mice, restoring abnormal changes in synaptic plasticity and facilitating fear extinction through regulating neuropsin expression levels.

BIOMEDICINES (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Ageing promotes pathological alpha-synuclein propagation and autonomic dysfunction in wild-type rats

Nathalie Van den Berge et al.

Summary: Using a rat model, it was found that the propagation of alpha-synuclein pathology from the gut to the brain is more efficient in old rats, resulting in dysfunction of the heart and stomach similar to observations in patients with Parkinson's disease. Age was shown to be a crucial factor for the aggregation and propagation of alpha-synuclein, highlighting the importance of using aged animals in preclinical studies for better understanding of age-dependent interactions.

BRAIN (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Fecal microbiota transplantation protects rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease mice via suppressing inflammation mediated by the lipopolysaccharide-TLR4 signaling pathway through the microbiota-gut-brain axis

Zhe Zhao et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that FMT treatment can correct gut microbiota dysbiosis and ameliorate the rotenone-induced PD mouse model, possibly playing a significant role in suppressing inflammation via the LPS-TLR4 signaling pathway in both the gut and the brain. Furthermore, the study proves the involvement of rotenone-induced microbiota dysbiosis in the genesis of PD through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

MICROBIOME (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Probiotic Enhancement of Antioxidant Capacity and Alterations of Gut Microbiota Composition in 6-Hydroxydopamin-Induced Parkinson's Disease Rats

Shu-Ping Tsao et al.

Summary: Supplementation with Lactobacillus salivarius AP-32 probiotic, a prebiotic, and a probiotic/prebiotic cocktail in rats with 6-OHDA-induced PD enhanced host antioxidant enzyme activities through direct and indirect pathways. This supplementation protected dopaminergic neurons, improved motor functions, and altered fecal microbiota composition. The study suggests a potential therapeutic role of probiotics and prebiotics in PD by promoting antioxidant activity and modulating gut microbiome.

ANTIOXIDANTS (2021)

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Article Biology

Alpha-synuclein alters the faecal viromes of rats in a gut-initiated model of Parkinson's disease

Stephen R. Stockdale et al.

Summary: Stockdale et al. assess longitudinal faecal virome changes in a rat model of Parkinson's Disease (PD) in which either monomeric or preformed fibrils (PFF) of alpha-synuclein were administered directly into their enteric nervous system. They demonstrate that virome alterations are potentially reactive to host alpha-synuclein changes that are associated with PD development.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

A 36-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 3 clinical trial of sodium oligomannate for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's dementia

Shifu Xiao et al.

Summary: GV-971 demonstrated significant efficacy in improving cognition with sustained improvement across all observation periods of a 36-week trial. Treatment with GV-971 showed a significant advantage in cognitive function compared to placebo, and it was well-tolerated and safe.

ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

New Avenues for Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics: Disease-Modifying Strategies Based on the Gut Microbiota

Marina Lorente-Picon et al.

Summary: Research indicates that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development and progression of Parkinson's disease, making microbiota-based therapeutic strategies a potential treatment option. Various microbiota-based treatment strategies have been developed for Parkinson's disease, but the field faces challenges in implementation and further research.

BIOMOLECULES (2021)

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Retraction Clinical Neurology

撤稿声明: Gut Microbiome Signatures of Risk and Prodromal Markers of Parkinson Disease (Retraction of Vol 88, Pg 320, 2020)

S. Heinzel

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Parkinson's Disease and Gut Microbiota

Masaaki Hirayama et al.

Summary: Specific changes in intestinal microbiota in Parkinson's disease patients may increase intestinal permeability, allowing toxins to enter the nervous system, ultimately promoting abnormal aggregation of alpha-synuclein fibrils. Therapeutic interventions targeting these mechanisms may be possible, but further studies are needed to fully understand the direct association between intestinal microbiota and PD.

ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Fecal microbiota transplant as a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease-A case series

Arik Segal et al.

Summary: The study found that fecal microbiota transplant may be safe and effective in improving constipation, motor, and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease patients. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and assess long-term efficacy and safety, including through large scale randomized controlled trials.

CLINICAL NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY (2021)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Neuroprotective effects of short-chain fatty acids in MPTP induced mice model of Parkinson's disease

Yichao Hou et al.

Summary: The study found that sodium butyrate has the most effective alleviation of motor disorder in PD mice and can inhibit neuroinflammation, reducing neurological damage in PD.

EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Prevalence of Parkinson's Disease: A Community-Based Study in China

Shige Qi et al.

Summary: A nationwide study in 2015 found that the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in Chinese individuals aged 60 years or older was 1.37%, with an estimated total of 3.62 million people in China living with PD. Although the percentage of PD prevalence did not change significantly, the increasing population has led to a rise in the total number of PD patients, posing a significant challenge in a rapidly aging population.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Exerts a Protective Role in MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease via the TLR4/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Pathway Stimulated by α-Synuclein

Zhe Zhong et al.

Summary: The study showed that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can alleviate motor impairment, reduce fecal SCFAs levels, decrease alpha-syn expression, and inhibit microglial activation in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD mice. FMT also blocked the TLR4/PI3K/AKT/NF-kappa B signaling pathway in the SN and striatum, providing protection against PD.

NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Calorie restriction conferred improvement effect on long-term rehabilitation of ischemic stroke via gut microbiota

Jia-Ting Huang et al.

Summary: The study showed that calorie restriction can improve long-term rehabilitation in ischemic stroke patients, with changes in gut microbiota playing a key role in this effect.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders

Yijing Chen et al.

Summary: Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating brain activity and cognitive functions through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The mechanisms by which gut microbiota regulate neurotransmitter production, transportation, and functioning are not well understood, nor are the effects of these interactions on normal brain functions and cognition. Dysbiosis of the microbiome can adversely affect cognitive function, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

NUTRIENTS (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Serum and Fecal Markers of Intestinal Inflammation and Intestinal Barrier Permeability Are Elevated in Parkinson's Disease

Laura Dumitrescu et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is characterized by alpha-synuclein misfolding with intraneuronal amyloid formation, low-grade neuroinflammatory changes, and selective neurodegeneration. Evidence suggests that the disease may originate in the gut, with markers of intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction linked to PD. Calprotectin and zonulin levels were found to be significantly higher in the serum and feces of PD patients, indicating a potential association between gut health and sporadic PD. More research in larger cohorts is needed to further investigate this relationship.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Gut microbiome alpha-diversity is not a marker of Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis

Jonathan Plassais et al.

Summary: The gut-brain axis may play a central role in neurological disorders. However, the alpha-diversity of gut microbiome does not seem to be significantly altered in patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis compared to healthy controls. The Shannon diversity index is also not associated with neurological disorders.

BRAIN COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Oral berberine improves brain dopa/dopamine levels to ameliorate Parkinson's disease by regulating gut microbiota

Yan Wang et al.

Summary: Oral berberine may enhance dopamine production in the brain by promoting the generation of l-dopa through gut bacteria. Combining berberine with bacteria shows better therapeutic effects than using bacteria alone.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: New Therapeutic Opportunities

Caitriona Long-Smith et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, VOL 60 (2020)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Diet and the Human Gut Microbiome: An International Review

Annette S. Wilson et al.

DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Orally Administered Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Patients With Parkinson's Disease-A Pilot Study

Abhishek G. Sathe et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

The Link between Gut Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease

Jose Fidel Baizabal-Carvallo et al.

NEUROSCIENCE (2020)

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Long-Term Coffee Consumption is Associated with Fecal Microbial Composition in Humans

Sonia Gonzalez et al.

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Anti-aggregation Effects of Phenolic Compounds on α-synuclein

Kenjiro Ono et al.

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Probiotics Alleviate the Progressive Deterioration of Motor Functions in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

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Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 alleviates neurodegenerative progression in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse models of Parkinson's disease

Jian-Fu Liao et al.

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Review Microbiology

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P. Fang et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Acupuncture inhibits neuroinflammation and gut microbial dysbiosis in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Jae-Hwan Jang et al.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Minireview Exploring the Biological Cycle of Vitamin B3 and Its Influence on Oxidative Stress: Further Molecular and Clinical Aspects

Bogdan Doroftei et al.

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P. F. Cuevas-Gonzalez et al.

FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2020)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Protective effects of Lactobacillus fermentum U-21 against paraquat-induced oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse models

Maria Marsova et al.

WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

DJ-1 (Park7) affects the gut microbiome, metabolites and the development of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

Yogesh Singh et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Polymannuronic acid prevents dopaminergic neuronal loss via brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson's disease model

Xiao-Li Dong et al.

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Multi-strain probiotics (Hexbio) containing MCP BCMC strains improved constipation and gut motility in Parkinson's disease: A randomised controlled trial

Azliza Ibrahim et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Alterations of the Fecal Microbiota in Chinese Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

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FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Gut Microbiota Is Decreased in Parkinson's Disease but Not in Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

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Neuroprotective effects associated with immune modulation by selected lactic acid bacteria in a Parkinson's disease model

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NUTRITION (2020)

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Probiotics Treatment Improves Hippocampal Dependent Cognition in a Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease

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MICROORGANISMS (2020)

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Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in people with Parkinson's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

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CLINICAL NUTRITION (2019)

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study

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INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (2019)

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α-Synuclein misfolding and aggregation: Implications in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis

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Neuroprotection of Fasting Mimicking Diet on MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice via Gut Microbiota and Metabolites

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NEUROTHERAPEUTICS (2019)

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The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication

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Chronic Mild Gut Inflammation Accelerates Brain Neuropathology and Motor Dysfunction in α-Synuclein Mutant Mice

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NEUROMOLECULAR MEDICINE (2019)

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Alpha-Synuclein Pathology and the Role of the Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease

Emily Fitzgerald et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2019)

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Altered gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokine responses in patients with Parkinson's disease

Chin-Hsien Lin et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2019)

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Probiotics mixture increases butyrate, and subsequently rescues the nigral dopaminergic neurons from MPTP and rotenone-induced neurotoxicity

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Transneuronal Propagation of Pathologic α-Synuclein from the Gut to the Brain Models Parkinson's Disease

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Akkermansia muciniphila induces intestinal adaptive immune responses during homeostasis

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Discovery and inhibition of an interspecies gut bacterial pathway for Levodopa metabolism

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Probiotics May Have Beneficial Effects in Parkinson's Disease: In vitro Evidence

Luca Magistrelli et al.

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Gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease: Temporal stability and relations to disease progression

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EBIOMEDICINE (2019)

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Sodium oligomannate therapeutically remodels gut microbiota and suppresses gut bacterial amino acids-shaped neuroinflammation to inhibit Alzheimer's disease progression

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CELL RESEARCH (2019)

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Postbiotics and Their Potential Applications in Early Life Nutrition and Beyond

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2019)

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Altered Gut Microbiome in Parkinson's Disease and the Influence of Lipopolysaccharide in a Human α-Synuclein Over-Expressing Mouse Model

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Fecal Calprotectin as a Marker of the Gut Immune System Activation Is Elevated in Parkinson's Disease

Agata Mulak et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2019)

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The interaction between the gut Microbiota and herbal medicines

Xuedong An et al.

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2019)

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The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration

Guy C. Brown

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Calorie restriction slows age-related microbiota changes in an Alzheimer's disease model in female mice

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The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease

Dongming Yang et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2019)

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A next generation probiotic, Akkermansia muciniphila

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CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION (2019)

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Role of TLR4 in the gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease: a translational study from men to mice

Paula Perez-Pardo et al.

GUT (2019)

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The dirty aspects of fecal microbiota transplantation: a review of its adverse effects and complications

Francis E. Dailey et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN PHARMACOLOGY (2019)

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Mediterranean diet adherence is related to reduced probability of prodromal Parkinson's disease

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MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2019)

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Unraveling gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism

Michela Barichella et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2019)

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Gut bacterial tyrosine decarboxylases restrict levels of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease

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GABA-modulating bacteria of the human gut microbiota

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NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Diet in Parkinson's Disease: Critical Role for the Microbiome

Aeja Jackson et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2019)

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A nutritional approach to microbiota in Parkinson's disease

Gizem Ozata Uyar et al.

BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH (2019)

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Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Gut Vibes in Parkinson's Disease: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

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MOVEMENT DISORDERS CLINICAL PRACTICE (2019)

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Review Immunology

T-Cell-Driven Inflammation as a Mediator of the Gut-Brain Axis Involved in Parkinson's Disease

Javier Campos-Acuna et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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A distinct gut microbiota composition in patients with ankylosing spondylitis is associated with increased levels of fecal calprotectin

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ARTHRITIS RESEARCH & THERAPY (2019)

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The Nasal and Gut Microbiome in Parkinson's Disease and Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

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MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2018)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis

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NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2018)

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Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors

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Neuroprotective effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice: Gut microbiota, glial reaction and TLRLI/TNF-α signaling pathway

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Alteration of the fecal microbiota in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease

Yiwei Qian et al.

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Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota

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Antibiotics-induced modulation of large intestinal microbiota altered aromatic amino acid profile and expression of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus of piglets

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The fecal metabolome as a functional readout of the gut microbiome

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Microbiota-gut-brain axis: Interaction of gut microbes and their metabolites with host epithelial barriers

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Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and intestinal permeability are elevated in Parkinson's disease

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Oral administration of Proteus mirabilis damages dopaminergic neurons and motor functions in mice

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SadA-Expressing Staphylococci in the Human Gut Show Increased Cell Adherence and Internalization

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Emerging and Alternative Therapies For Parkinson Disease: An Updated Review

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CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN (2018)

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Cerebrospinal Fluid Inflammatory Cytokine Aberrations in Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Sodium butyrate rescues dopaminergic cells from alpha-synuclein-induced transcriptional deregulation and DNA damage

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HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS (2017)

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Sodium butyrate exerts protective effect against Parkinson's disease in mice via stimulation of glucagon like peptide-1

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Parkinson's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Medications Have Distinct Signatures of the Gut Microbiome

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MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2017)

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α-synuclein toxicity in neurodegeneration: mechanism and therapeutic strategies

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L-Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway enzymes are therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric diseases: Focus on cell type differences

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Structural changes of gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease and its correlation with clinical features

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Exploring Break's Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease

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Dietary habits and neurological features of Parkinson's disease patients: Implications for practice

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The Systemic Synuclein Sampling Study: toward a biomarker for Parkinson's disease

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Gut to Brain Dysbiosis: Mechanisms Linking Western Diet Consumption, the Microbiome, and Cognitive Impairment

Emily E. Noble et al.

FRONTIERS IN BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE (2017)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Constipation preceding Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Pathological α-Synuclein in Gastrointestinal Tissues from Prodromal Parkinson Disease Patients

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ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2016)

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Alteration of behavior and monoamine levels attributable to Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 in germ-free mice

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BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH (2016)

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Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson's Disease

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CELL (2016)

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Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson's disease and age-matched controls

Marcus M. Unger et al.

PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS (2016)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Microbiota-gut-brain signalling in Parkinson's disease: Implications for non-motor symptoms

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PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS (2016)

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How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration

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SCIENCE (2016)

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Alzheimer's disease and gut microbiota

Xu Hu et al.

SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES (2016)

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Akkermansia muciniphila mediates negative effects of IFNγ on glucose metabolism

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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2016)

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Control of Brain Development, Function, and Behavior by the Microbiome

Timothy R. Sampson et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2015)

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Structural alterations of the intestinal epithelial barrier in Parkinson's disease

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ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA COMMUNICATIONS (2015)

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Gut Microbiota Are Related to Parkinson's Disease and Clinical Phenotype

Filip Scheperjans et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2015)

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Intestinal Dysbiosis and Lowered Serum Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein in Parkinson's Disease

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PLOS ONE (2015)

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N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) Reverse the Impact of Early-Life Stress on the Gut Microbiota

Matteo M. Pusceddu et al.

PLOS ONE (2015)

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Direct evidence of Parkinson pathology spread from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain in rats

Staffan Holmqvist et al.

ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA (2014)

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The role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders

Yan Wang et al.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2014)

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Altered gut microbiota and activity in a murine model of autism spectrum disorders

Caroline G. M. de Theije et al.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2014)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Protective and toxic roles of dopamine in Parkinson's disease

Juan Segura-Aguilar et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY (2014)

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Progression of Intestinal Permeability Changes and Alpha-Synuclein Expression in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

Leo P. Kelly et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2014)

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Gut Feelings About Smoking and Coffee in Parkinson's Disease

Pascal Derkinderen et al.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2014)

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Psychobiotics: A Novel Class of Psychotropic

Timothy G. Dinan et al.

BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY (2013)

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The kynurenine pathway as a therapeutic target in cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders

Trevor W. Stone et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2013)

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Influence of coffee (Coffea arabica) and galacto-oligosaccharide consumption on intestinal microbiota and the host responses

Tatsuya Nakayama et al.

FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS (2013)

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Review Neurosciences

Inflammation and α-Synuclein's Prion-like Behavior in Parkinson's Disease-Is There a Link?

Carla M. Lema Tome et al.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2013)

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Enteric alpha-synuclein expression is increased in Parkinson's disease but not Alzheimer's disease

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MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2013)

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Prebiotic feeding elevates central brain derived neurotrophic factor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits and D-serine

Helene M. Savignac et al.

NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL (2013)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2013)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease

Onyou Hwang

Experimental Neurobiology (2013)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Should We Standardize the 1,700-Year-Old Fecal Microbiota Transplantation?

Faming Zhang et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2012)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Kynurenines and intestinal neurotransmission: the role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors

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JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION (2012)

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Article Neurosciences

Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Prevents MPTP-Induced Dopaminergic Cell Death in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

M. Castro-Caldas et al.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2012)

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Review Neurosciences

Pathological correlates of gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease

Maria G. Cersosimo et al.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE (2012)

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The impact of probiotics and prebiotics on the immune system

Todd R. Klaenhammer et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2012)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Role of Sirtuins and Calorie Restriction in Neuroprotection: Implications in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases

Sarika Srivastava et al.

CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN (2011)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease

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PLOS ONE (2011)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2011)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes

Gary D. Wu et al.

SCIENCE (2011)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

In-vitro interaction of L-dopa with bacterial adhesins of Helicobacter pylori: an explanation for clinicial differences in bioavailability?

Michael Niehues et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY (2009)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Pathological lesions in colonic biopsies during Parkinson's disease

T. Lebouvier et al.

GUT (2008)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Anthony H. V. Schapira et al.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2006)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Pesticide exposure and risk for Parkinson's disease

Alberto Ascherio et al.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2006)

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Article Neurosciences

Gastric α-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson's disease-related brain pathology

H Braak et al.

NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS (2006)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Idiopathic Parkinson's disease:: possible routes by which vulnerable neuronal types may be subject to neuroinvasion by an unknown pathogen

H Braak et al.

JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION (2003)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Current evidence for neuroprotective effects of nicotine and caffeine against Parkinson's disease

GW Ross et al.

DRUGS & AGING (2001)

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