360-Degree Video Bandwidth Reduction: Technique and Approaches Comprehensive Review

Recently, the usage of 360-degree videos has prevailed in various sectors such as education, real estate, medical, entertainment and more. The development of the Virtual World Metaverse demanded a Virtual Reality (VR) environment with high immersion and a smooth user experience. However, various challenges are faced to provide real-time streaming due to the nature of high-resolution 360-degree videos such as high bandwidth requirement, high computing power and low delay tolerance. To overcome these challenges, streaming methods such as Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), Tiling, Viewport-Adaptive and Machine Learning (ML) are discussed. Moreover, the superiorities of the development of 5G and 6G networks, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and Caching and the Information-Centric Network (ICN) approaches to optimize the 360-degree video streaming are elaborated. All of these methods strike to improve the Quality of Experience (QoE) and Quality of Service (QoS) of VR services. Next, the challenges faced in QoE modeling and the existing objective and subjective QoE assessment methods of 360-degree video are presented. Lastly, potential future research that utilizes and further improves the existing methods substantially is discussed. With the efforts of various research studies and industries and the gradual development of the network in recent years, a deep fake virtual world, Metaverse with high immersion and conducive for daily life working, learning and socializing are around the corner.

Automated summary

In recent years, the use of 360-degree videos has become increasingly prevalent in various sectors, driving the development of a highly immersive, smooth virtual reality environment. To address the challenges faced in real-time streaming of 360-degree videos, various streaming methods and network optimization strategies have been discussed to enhance the Quality of Experience (QoE) and Quality of Service (QoS) of VR services.