Genome-wide identification of functional enhancers and their potential roles in pig breeding

Background The pig is an economically important livestock species and is a widely applied large animal model in medical research. Enhancers are critical regulatory elements that have fundamental functions in evolution, development and disease. Genome-wide quantification of functional enhancers in the pig is needed. Results We performed self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing (STARR-seq) in the porcine kidney epithelial PK15 and testicular ST cell lines, and reliably identified 2576 functional enhancers. Most of these enhancers were located in repetitive sequences and were enriched within silent and lowly expressed genes. Enhancers poorly overlapped with chromatin accessibility regions and were highly enriched in chromatin with the repressive histone modification H3K9me3, which is different from predicted pig enhancers detected using ChIP-seq for H3K27ac or/and H3K4me1 modified histones. This suggests that most pig enhancers identified with STARR-seq are endogenously repressed at the chromatin level and may function during cell type-specific development or at specific developmental stages. Additionally, the PPP3CA gene is associated with the loin muscle area trait and the QKI gene is associated with alkaline phosphatase activity that may be regulated by distal functional enhancers. Conclusions In summary, we generated the first functional enhancer map in PK15 and ST cells for the pig genome and highlight its potential roles in pig breeding.

Automated summary

This study used STARR-seq to reveal functional enhancers in the pig genome. The enhancers were predominantly located in repetitive sequences and enriched within silent and lowly expressed genes. Compared to other methods that use different chromatin modifications, STARR-seq accurately identified pig enhancers. Additionally, the study identified potential distal functional enhancers regulating specific genes.