期刊
GENES
卷 13, 期 6, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/genes13061102
关键词
population genomics; immunogenetics; gene conversion; elevated diversity; parasite-host interactions; mosquito biology; vector biology
资金
- Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowships in Biomedical Sciences [101893/Z/13/Z, 217188/Z/19/Z]
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation [INV-006003]
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation [INV-006003] Funding Source: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Leucine-rich repeat proteins and antimicrobial peptides are important components of the innate immune response in Anopheles mosquitoes. The APL1 gene in Anopheles funestus exhibits high levels of genetic diversity, and the diversity of other innate immunity genes may be driven by positive or balancing selection. The expression of the APL1 gene is correlated with a more open chromatin structure and enhanced gene conversion.
Leucine-rich repeat proteins and antimicrobial peptides are the key components of the innate immune response to Plasmodium and other microbial pathogens in Anopheles mosquitoes. The APL1 gene of the malaria vector Anopheles funestus has exceptional levels of non-synonymous polymorphism across the range of An. funestus, with an average pi(n) of 0.027 versus a genome-wide average of 0.002, and pi(n) is consistently high in populations across Africa. Elevated APL1 diversity was consistent between the independent pooled-template and target-enrichment datasets, however no link between APL1 diversity and insecticide resistance was observed. Although lacking the diversity of APL1, two further mosquito innate-immunity genes of the gambicin anti-microbial peptide family had pi(n)/pi(s) ratios greater than one, possibly driven by either positive or balancing selection. The cecropin antimicrobial peptides were expressed much more highly than other anti-microbial peptide genes, a result discordant with current models of anti-microbial peptide activity. The observed APL1 diversity likely results from gene conversion between paralogues, as evidenced by shared polymorphisms, overlapping read mappings, and recombination events among paralogues. In conclusion, we hypothesize that higher gene expression of APL1 than its paralogues is correlated with a more open chromatin formation, which enhances gene conversion and elevated diversity at this locus.
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