期刊
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
卷 13, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.972813
关键词
Panax quinquefolius; minor ginsenosides; metabolites; structural diversity; pharmacological effects
资金
- Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Special Program for Key Field of Guangdong Colleges
- [2020A1515010779]
- [2022A1515011419]
- [62171143]
- [2021ZDZX1060]
Panax quinquefolius L. has gained global attention for its pharmacological properties on type 2 diabetes, cancers, central nervous system, and cardiovascular diseases. Ginsenosides, the active phytochemicals of P. quinquefolius, have diverse structures and limited bioavailability, hindering the development of medicines. This review provides an overview of the structures of minor ginsenosides in P. quinquefolius and summarizes the recent pharmacological studies.
Panax quinquefolius L. has attracted extensive attention worldwide because of its prominent pharmacological properties on type 2 diabetes, cancers, central nervous system, and cardiovascular diseases. Ginsenosides are active phytochemicals of P. quinquefolius, which can be classified as propanaxdiol (PPD)-type, propanaxtriol (PPT)-type, oleanane-type, and ocotillol-type oligo-glycosides depending on the skeleton of aglycone. Recently, advanced analytical and isolated methods including ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem with mass detector, preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and high speed counter-current chromatography have been used to isolate and identify minor components in P. quinquefolius, which accelerates the clarification of the material basis. However, the poor bioavailability and undetermined bio-metabolism of most saponins have greatly hindered both the development of medicines and the identification of their real active constituents. Thus, it is essential to consider the bio-metabolism of constituents before and after absorption. In this review, we described the structures of minor ginsenosides in P. quinquefolius, including naturally occurring protype compounds and their in vivo metabolites. The preclinical and clinical pharmacological studies of the ginsenosides in the past few years were also summarized. The review will promote the reacquaint of minor saponins on the growing appreciation of their biological role in P. quinquefolius.
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