4.5 Review

Recent Advancements in Metal-catalysts Design for CO2/Epoxide Reactions

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Recent developments in state-of-the-art silica-modified catalysts for the fixation of CO2 in epoxides to form organic carbonates

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Summary: This review presents recent progress in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates through the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with epoxides using silica-modified catalysts. Different classes of silica-based catalysts, including DFNS, MCM-41, SBA-15, and various ionic liquid-functionalized, metal-containing, and miscellaneous silica-based catalysts, are reviewed and discussed. The high surface area and diverse properties of silica-modified catalysts enable co-operative catalysis, resulting in superior conversion, selectivity, and yield compared to other homogeneous catalysts. The influence of reaction parameters and mechanistic details are given specific attention, and future opportunities for advanced silica-modified catalysts in CO2 conversion are highlighted.

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Task-specific ionic liquids for carbon dioxide absorption and conversion into value-added products

Ye Qu et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the recent developments from 2019 to 2021 on task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs) with modulable properties for CO2 absorption and conversion. The introduction of specific functional groups, such as amino, amine, and ether groups, enhances the CO2 affinity, absorption capacity, and catalytic activity of TSILs. The construction of C-O bonds and C-N bonds is also highlighted for CO2 thermal catalytic conversion. The understanding gained from this review can provide perspectives for practical CO2 absorption and transformation by TSILs.

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Alternating copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide initiated by rare-earth metal complexes stabilized by o-phenylenediamine-bridged tris(phenolate) ligand

Quanyou Yao et al.

Summary: A series of rare-earth metal complexes stabilized by tris(phenolate) ligands were synthesized and applied in the copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide. The addition of benzyl alcohol improved the polymerization yields and selectivity. The reaction between benzyl alcohol and the rare-earth metal complexes resulted in the formation of dinuclear complexes.

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[OSSO]-Type Chromium(III) Complexes for the Reaction of CO2 with Epoxides

Fatemeh Niknam et al.

Summary: In this study, four new mononuclear Cr(III) complexes bearing [OSSO]-type bis-thioether-diphenolate ligands were synthesized and characterized. These complexes, in combination with PPNCl, were found to promote the coupling of CO2 with epoxides, leading to the selective formation of either polycarbonate or cyclic carbonate depending on the substrate and reaction conditions.

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The importance of the bite angle of metal(III) salen catalysts in the sequestration of CO2 with epoxides in mild conditions

Anna Vidal-Lopez et al.

Summary: CO2 sequestration by reaction with epoxides is a key tool to solve the problem of CO2 emissions in the environment. This study focuses on the formation of cyclic organic carbonates catalyzed by metal-salen complexes and compares the performance of different metals. Density functional theory calculations analyze the structure and electronics of the catalysts to assess their efficiency and reaction conditions.

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Synthesis of porous poly(ionic liquid)s for chemical CO2 fixation with epoxides

Guoqing Li et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the recent progress in the synthesis and post-synthesis of porous poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) catalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) cycloaddition. The synthesis methods and catalytic behaviors of porous PILs in CO2 cycloaddition are discussed. It is highlighted that the rational design of IL monomers and optimization of synthetic parameters are crucial for developing high-performance catalysts.

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Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Ionic Liquid System: Promising Ideal Catalysts for the Fixation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates

Zhuo-Jian Li et al.

Summary: This article reviews recent literature on the use of ionic liquid catalysts to fix carbon dioxide into cyclic carbonates, discusses the progress of current research and the problems that need to be addressed, and summarizes the basic principles for designing ionic liquid catalysts for the reaction in question as well as highlighting directions for future research.

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Toward a Neutral Single-Component Amidinate Iodide Aluminum Catalyst for the CO2 Fixation into Cyclic Carbonates

Sebastian Saltarini et al.

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Chiral titanium(IV) and vanadium(V) salen complexes as catalysts for carbon dioxide and epoxide coupling reactions

Svetlana A. Kuznetsova et al.

Summary: Chiral titanium(IV) and vanadium(V) salen complexes catalyse the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides under mild conditions, yielding racemic products. The mechanism proposed involves Lewis base catalysis for carbon dioxide activation instead of the commonly proposed Lewis acid catalysed activation of the epoxide.

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[OSSO]-bisphenolate metal complexes: A powerful and versatile tool in polymerization catalysis

Veronica Paradiso et al.

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Highly Active Chromium Complexes Supported by Constrained Schiff-Base Ligands for Cycloaddition of Carbon Dioxide to Epoxides

Jiraya Kiriratnikom et al.

Summary: Constrained Schiff-base ligands based on the well-known salen ligands were developed, leading to the synthesis of chromium complexes that acted as catalysts for the conversion of epoxides and CO2 into cyclic carbonates. Certain catalysts exhibited very high catalytic activity, with a turnover frequency of up to 14800 h(-1), showing 100% selectivity for the formation of terminal cyclic carbonates from various epoxide substrates.

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Metal complexes bearing ONO ligands as highly active catalysts in carbon dioxide and epoxide coupling reactions

Bianca K. Munoz et al.

Summary: The paper discusses the use of metal complexes as catalysts in the synthesis of propylene carbonate from carbon dioxide and propylene oxide. Iron and manganese complexes showed significantly higher activities compared to new cobalt complexes. By optimizing the conditions, a TOF of 1600 h-1 was achieved with the manganese (II) complex 2.

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Mechanism and Design Principles for Controlling Stereoselectivity in the Copolymerization of CO2/Cyclohexene Oxide by Indium(III) Phosphasalen Catalysts

Yernaidu Reddi et al.

Summary: The study characterizes the initiation and propagation steps of indium(III) phosphasalen catalysts through theoretical analysis, revealing unique mechanisms for their reactions with CO2 and CHO. The interaction of phosphasalen ligands with CHO and carbonate-terminated growing chains leads to high levels of isotacticity in the resulting polymer.

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Heterotrinuclear Ring Opening Copolymerization Catalysis: Structure-activity Relationships

Alex J. Plajer et al.

Summary: Heteronuclear complexes exhibit high catalytic activity in ring opening copolymerizations. By studying a series of trinuclear complexes, it was found that certain catalysts show high activity for specific reactions, such as CHO/CO2 ROCOP and CHO/ PA copolymerization, allowing for controlled polyether block formation. These findings can guide future catalyst design and inspire other CO2 utilization processes.

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Heterotrimetallic Carbon Dioxide Copolymerization and Switchable Catalysts: Sodium is the Key to High Activity and Unusual Selectivity

Alex J. Plajer et al.

Summary: A new catalyst class demonstrates exceptional selectivity and the ability to switch between different polymerization cycles, allowing for precise control of CO2 placement in polymers and access to new polymer chemistries. The best catalyst is a trinuclear dizinc(II)sodium(I) complex with excellent reaction rates and no need for additives or co-catalysts.

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Tolerant Bimetallic Macrocyclic [OSSO]-Type Zinc Complexes for Efficient CO2 Fixation into Cyclic Carbonates

Junwu Chen et al.

Summary: A new type of sustainable bimetallic zinc complexes has been developed for the chemical fixation of carbon dioxide into cyclic carbonates. The catalyst showed excellent performance with high stability to moisture and oxygen, resistance to impurities, and good recyclability. The catalytic mechanism involves a Lewis acidic zinc center and a nucleophilic halide counterion from the cocatalyst.

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Direct synthesis of cyclic carbonates from olefins and CO2: Single- or multi-component catalytic systems via epoxide or halohydrin intermediate

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Heterodinuclear Zn(II), Mg(II) or Co(III) with Na(I) Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide and Cyclohexene Oxide Ring Opening Copolymerizations

Wouter Lindeboom et al.

Summary: A series of heterodinuclear catalysts show good performance in the ring opening copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide, indicating the importance of auxiliary ligands and metal combinations in the design of efficient catalysts for carbon dioxide copolymerizations.

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Metal-Cocatalyst Interaction Governs the Catalytic Activity of MII-Porphyrazines for Chemical Fixation of CO2

Julia P. S. C. Leal et al.

Summary: A series of porphyrazines were synthesized and tested as catalysts for the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides, with M(II)Pz bearing trifluoromethyl groups showing the best conversion. The type and concentration of cocatalyst had a notable effect on reaction yields, and the interaction between metal and cocatalyst may govern the reaction rate, as suggested by experimental results.

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Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Study of Amine-Bridged Bis(phenolato) Co(II) and Co(II/III)-M(I) Complexes (M = K or Na)

Xinyi He et al.

Summary: Co(II) complexes 1-3 were synthesized through reactions of bis(phenols) with CoCl2 or Co(OAc)(2), which were oxidized to generate mixed valence Co(II/III) complexes 4 and 5. The presence of alkali compounds led to the formation of Co-alkali metal heterometallic complexes, with complexes 1-5 showing good activity in the cyclo-addition of epoxides and CO2. Co(II/III)-Na(I) complex 5 demonstrated enhanced activity with bulkier substrates, but limited activity in the copolymerization of epoxide and CO2.

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Unexpected ferrate species as single-component catalyst for the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides

Nicola Panza et al.

Summary: A soluble ferrate salt was synthesized and found to exhibit good activity and selectivity in CO2 cycloaddition reactions with epoxides. The system can produce cyclic organic carbonates without the need for a co-catalyst under solvent-free conditions.

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Theoretical investigation on conversion of CO2 with epoxides to cyclic carbonates by bifunctional metal-salen complexes bearing ionic liquid substsituents

Hui-Qing Yang et al.

Summary: A series of bifunctional metal-salen complexes bearing ionic liquid substituents were investigated as catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides using DFT and energy span model. The results indicate that the three-step mechanism is more favorable than the two-step mechanism, and the interaction between the oxygen atom of epoxides and the central metal plays a key role in determining the catalytic activity of the metal-salen complexes.

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Summary: Furanic compounds, such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, are promising platform chemicals that can be derived from hemicellulose and cellulose in residual biomass. They can be transformed into cyclic organic carbonates suitable for various synthetic and material applications. The furan moiety can be further functionalized through Diels-Alder reactions, increasing the range of applications for resulting functional molecules and polymers while reducing toxicity.

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Rongchang Luo et al.

Summary: This review discusses the recent advances in the design and synthesis of metalloporphyrin-based POPs for CO2 catalysis, focusing on the conversion of CO2 into cyclic carbonates and the diverse synthetic strategies for preparing these materials with different functionalities and compositions. The exploration of single/multi-active-site synergistic catalytic models provides theoretical guidance for multifunctionalization of metalloporphyrin-based POPs, while also highlighting key opportunities and challenges in the field for future research and industrial applications.

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An octahedral cobalt(iii) complex based on cheap 1,2-phenylenediamine as a bifunctional metal-templated hydrogen bond donor catalyst for fixation of CO2 with epoxides under ambient conditions

Mikhail A. Emelyanov et al.

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Jun Cheng et al.

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