期刊
NUTRIENTS
卷 14, 期 14, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nu14142905
关键词
diet; dietary pattern; intake; sodium; potassium; 24-h urine collection
资金
- Nestle Foundation for the study of problems of nutrition in the world, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan, LPDP)
This study explored the dietary patterns of Indonesian people and found that the 'Noodle, oil, and salty sea products' pattern was associated with high sodium intake, while the 'Meat, vegetable, oil, and fruit' pattern was associated with high potassium intake. In addition, the 'Vegetable, non-oil, and milk' pattern in men and the 'Meat, vegetable, and fruit' pattern in women were associated with low sodium to potassium ratios.
The excess sodium (Na) intake and insufficient potassium (K) intake are frequently observed all over the world, including Indonesia. This study explored the dietary patterns of Indonesian people and evaluated their associations with Na and K intakes. Na and K intakes were assessed by repeated 24-h urine collection. The dietary patterns of the previous month were extracted by factor analysis using the Indonesian Food Frequency Questionnaire. The participants were community-dwelling Indonesian men and women (n = 479) aged 20 years and over. We identified four dietary patterns in each sex. After controlling for confounding factors, the high quantile of 'Noodle, oil, and salty sea products' pattern was associated with the high Na intake in both men and women (p = 0.02 and <0.001, respectively). The 'Meat, vegetable, oil, and fruit' pattern statistically significantly contributed to the high K intake in men (p = 0.04), but not in women (p = 0.26). The 'Vegetable, non-oil, and milk' pattern in men and 'Meat, vegetable, and fruit' pattern in women were associated with low Na:K ratios (p = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Neither 'bread' nor 'fish' appeared as a major determinant of any dietary patterns in this population. The 'Noodle, oil, and salty sea products' pattern should be avoided to reduce sodium intake.
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