期刊
MATERIALS
卷 15, 期 12, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ma15124250
关键词
cement stabilized soil; fiber-reinforced soil; mechanical strength; waste utilization; Back Propagation Neural Network; Random Forest; beetle antennae search
类别
资金
- Key Project of Hunan Education Department [21A0511]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51908201, 51978254]
- Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province [2020JJ5024, 2021JJ50142]
- Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan [2021NK4273]
- Academic Research Council of Australia Linkage Projects for Asset Intelligence: Maximising Operational Effectiveness for Digital Era [LP180100222]
- State Key Laboratory for GeoMechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology/China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing [SKLGDUEK2105]
This research evaluates the combined enhancement of construction and demolition waste, polypropylene fiber, and sodium sulfate on the mechanical strength of cement stabilized soil (CSS), and uses machine learning techniques to predict the strength. The experimental results show that a specific mixture design can improve the compressive and flexural strength.
Cement stabilized soil (CSS) yields wide application as a routine cementitious material due to cost-effectiveness. However, the mechanical strength of CSS impedes development. This research assesses the feasible combined enhancement of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and flexural strength (FS) of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, polypropylene fiber, and sodium sulfate. Moreover, machine learning (ML) techniques including Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Random Forest (FR) were applied to estimate UCS and FS based on the comprehensive dataset. The laboratory tests were conducted at 7-, 14-, and 28-day curing age, indicating the positive effect of cement, C&D waste, and sodium sulfate. The improvement caused by polypropylene fiber on FS was also evaluated from the 81 experimental results. In addition, the beetle antennae search (BAS) approach and 10-fold cross-validation were employed to automatically tune the hyperparameters, avoiding tedious effort. The consequent correlation coefficients (R) ranged from 0.9295 to 0.9717 for BPNN, and 0.9262 to 0.9877 for RF, respectively, indicating the accuracy and reliability of the prediction. K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), logistic regression (LR), and multiple linear regression (MLR) were conducted to validate the BPNN and RF algorithms. Furthermore, box and Taylor diagrams proved the BAS-BPNN and BAS-RF as the best-performed model for UCS and FS prediction, respectively. The optimal mixture design was proposed as 30% cement, 20% C&D waste, 4% fiber, and 0.8% sodium sulfate based on the importance score for each variable.
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