☆ 4.6 Review

Cell and Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 Research

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Experimental Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Possible Platforms to Study COVID-19 Pathogenesis and Potential Treatments

Sareh Pandamooz et al.

Summary: This review discusses the development and usage of experimental models to study and screen potential therapeutic approaches against SARS-CoV-2, including antiviral drugs and vaccines. These models provide valuable insights into the cellular tropism, replication kinetics, and cell damage caused by SARS-CoV-2, ultimately enhancing understanding of viral pathogenesis and protective immunity.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Infection and transmission of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and its alpha variant in pregnant white-tailed deer

Konner Cool et al.

Summary: The study found that adult white-tailed deer are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and can transmit the virus through direct contact as well as vertically from does to fetuses. The study also revealed that the Alpha variant of concern B.1.1.7 of SARS-CoV-2 outcompetes the ancestral lineage A isolate in white-tailed deer.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Long-term persistence of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pets

Nicola Decaro et al.

Summary: Pets' SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies can persist for up to 10 months, similar to observations in human COVID-19 patients.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Adenovirus type 5 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines delivered orally or intranasally reduced disease severity and transmission in a hamster model

Stephanie N. Langel et al.

Summary: Vaccination through oral or intranasal routes can generate strong antibody responses, reduce viral load in the nose and lungs, and mitigate lung pathology caused by SARS-CoV-2. Mucosally vaccinated hamsters transmitted fewer viruses with less severity to naive hamsters, suggesting that mucosal immunization can reduce viral transmission. In a clinical trial, the same platform also induced mucosal cross-reactive antibody responses.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Breakthroughs and Applications of Organ-on-a-Chip Technology

Mufeeda C. Koyilot et al.

Summary: Organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) is an emerging technology that shows great potential in the healthcare industry. It combines microfluid platforms and in vitro cell culture, and offers numerous advantages over conventional systems. The integration of artificial intelligence in OOAC systems enhances their capabilities for accurate diagnosis and convenient data management. OOACs have a wide range of applications, including organ/disease modeling, pharmacology, personalized medicine, and dentistry.

CELLS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A broadly neutralizing antibody protects Syrian hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron challenge

Biao Zhou et al.

Summary: Here, researchers successfully screened and isolated a broadly neutralizing antibody ZCB11 that can neutralize all variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2, showing particularly potent activity against the Omicron variant. Further studies demonstrated that ZCB11 predominantly interacts with the receptor-binding domain of the Omicron variant, blocking ACE2 binding. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of ZCB11 protected against lung infection in animal models challenged with the Omicron variant.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A guide to the organ-on-a-chip

Chak Ming Leung et al.

Summary: This article introduces the basic concepts, applications, and development trends of organ-on-chip (OoC) technology, as well as factors to consider when developing application-specific OoCs.

NATURE REVIEWS METHODS PRIMERS (2022)

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Article Biology

Low dose inocula of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant transmits more efficiently than earlier variants in hamsters

Bobo Wing-Yee Mok et al.

Summary: The study found that the Alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2 has increased competitive fitness in a hamster model, replicating and shedding more efficiently in the nasal cavity, which may contribute to its rapid transmission. These results help explain why emerging variants of the virus are more efficient in spreading.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Estimating clinical SARS-CoV-2 infectiousness in Vero E6 and primary airway epithelial cells

Manel Essaidi-Laziosi et al.

LANCET MICROBE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Pigs are not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection but are a model for viral immunogenicity studies

Julia Vergara-Alert et al.

Summary: Although piglets were not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and did not show viral RNA in tissues/swabs, seroconversion was observed in pigs inoculated parenterally (intramuscularly or intravenously).

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

SARS-CoV-2 infection of Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) reproduces COVID-19 pneumonia in a well-established small animal model

Luca D. Bertzbach et al.

Summary: The Chinese hamster model for SARS-CoV-2 infection has been established, offering a valuable tool for studying disease pathogenesis and testing vaccines and therapies. This model demonstrates strong infection susceptibility, more pronounced clinical symptoms, and is well-suited for related research purposes.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Biomimetic Human Disease Model of SARS-CoV-2-Induced Lung Injury and Immune Responses on Organ Chip System

Min Zhang et al.

Summary: A biomimetic human disease model on chip has been created to recapitulate lung injury and immune responses induced by SARS-CoV-2, revealing distinctive responses in different cell types and the crucial role of immune cells in alveolar barrier injury and inflammation. The organ chip model closely mirrors human-relevant responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing a unique platform for COVID-19 research and drug development.

ADVANCED SCIENCE (2021)

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Letter Anesthesiology

Retracted papers on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Andrea Cortegiani et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

AXL is a candidate receptor for SARS-CoV-2 that promotes infection of pulmonary and bronchial epithelial cells

Shuai Wang et al.

Summary: This study found that AXL may serve as a novel receptor for SARS-CoV-2, playing an important role in promoting viral infection of the human respiratory system. AXL expression level is closely correlated with SARS-CoV-2 S level and could be a potential target for future clinical intervention strategies.

CELL RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

An organoid-derived bronchioalveolar model for SARS-CoV-2 infection of human alveolar type II-like cells

Mart M. Lamers et al.

Summary: This study describes a human 2D air-liquid interface culture system for studying interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells, showing potential as an experimental model and drug screening tool. The system is characterized by the infection of alveolar cells and induction of interferon response, with interferon lambda 1 treatment reducing viral replication.

EMBO JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 infects cells after viral entry via clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Armin Bayati et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 uses spike glycoprotein for initial interaction with cell surface and undergoes clathrin-mediated endocytosis, transferring viral RNA to cell cytosol. Knockdown of clathrin heavy chain reduces viral infectivity, highlighting the importance of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in virus infectivity.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Establishment of an African green monkey model for COVID-19 and protection against re-infection

Courtney Woolsey et al.

Summary: African green monkeys infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit symptoms closely resembling those in humans, making them a valuable model for studying COVID-19 pathogenesis and testing medical interventions.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 research: A comprehensive literature review

Kabita Pandey et al.

Summary: Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases can have devastating effects on human lives and economies. Efforts in understanding SARS-CoV-2 biology for vaccine development and therapeutic interventions are intensifying globally. Animal models that mimic human SARS-CoV-2 infection are crucial for studying the pathophysiology of the virus.

TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model and evidence of protective immunity

Kathryn A. Ryan et al.

Summary: The study found that high doses of SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets can cause viral RNA shedding in the upper respiratory tract and lung pathology, while lower doses result in milder pathological symptoms. Ferrets re-challenged after virus shedding ceased are fully protected from acute lung pathology.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 induced intestinal responses with a biomimetic human gut-on-chip

Yaqiong Guo et al.

Summary: The research team developed an intestinal infection model on a chip that recapitulates the pathophysiology induced by SARS-CoV-2 at the organ level, providing insights into the intestinal barrier injury caused by viral infection. The model reconstructs key features of the intestinal epithelium-vascular endothelium barrier through 3D co-culture, offering a unique and rapid platform for COVID-19 research.

SCIENCE BULLETIN (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Responses to acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of rhesus macaques, baboons and marmosets

Dhiraj Kumar Singh et al.

Summary: Non-human primate models, particularly macaques and baboons, demonstrate acute respiratory distress and immune responses similar to COVID-19 progression in humans, making them valuable for testing vaccines and therapies. Age appears to affect viral shedding, lung inflammation, and immune response in these animal models.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Therapeutically administered ribonucleoside analogue MK-4482/EIDD-2801 blocks SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets

Robert M. Cox et al.

Summary: Treating SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets with nucleoside analogue MK-4482/EIDD-2801 reduced viral load and suppressed virus spread. This therapeutic approach shows promise in breaking transmission chains of the COVID-19 pandemic.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

A Novel Soluble ACE2 Variant with Prolonged Duration of Action Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Kidney Organoids

Jan Wysocki et al.

Summary: A novel ACE2 variant has been developed that can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in human kidney organoids, with prolonged duration of action and potential for improved efficacy.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

Susceptibility of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to SARS-CoV-2

Mitchell Palmer et al.

Summary: White-tailed deer are highly susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, shedding infectious virus and transmitting it to other deer upon intranasal inoculation, providing important insights into the potential animal hosts of the virus.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

BNT162b vaccines protect rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2

Annette B. Vogel et al.

Summary: The two vaccine candidates, BNT162b1 and BNT162b2, developed contain modified messenger RNA encoding immunogens derived from the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. They have shown promising immune responses in mice and rhesus macaques, with ongoing phase I trials in Germany and the USA and a global phase II/III trial for BNT162b2.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Development of a coronavirus disease 2019 nonhuman primate model using airborne exposure

Sara C. Johnston et al.

Summary: Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is found to be a prevalent route of human exposure. In a study comparing African green monkeys, rhesus macaques, and cynomolgus macaques exposed to the virus, respiratory abnormalities and viral shedding were observed in all animals. Fever was noted in cynomolgus macaques, while African green monkeys and rhesus macaques experienced thrombocytopenia. The findings suggest that macaques, in addition to African green monkeys, can serve as successful natural transmission models for evaluating medical countermeasures.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Virology

Neutralizing antibody-dependent and -independent immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in cynomolgus macaques

Hirohito Ishigaki et al.

Summary: Cynomolgus macaques were used to establish an animal model of COVID-19 to develop vaccines and antiviral drugs, showing similar symptoms to human patients. The study found that both neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity play important roles in eliminating SARS-CoV-2.

VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

In Silico, In Vitro and In Cellulo Models for Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 Spike/Human ACE2 Complex, Viral Entry and Cell Fusion

Delphine Lapaillerie et al.

Summary: This study used various methods, including computational modeling and biochemical experiments, to investigate the interaction between the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2, revealing the process of virus entry into cells. These approaches are important for both basic and clinical research, helping to discover new antiviral agents and understand the mechanism of virus entry into cells.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Comparison of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques as an infection model for COVID-19

Francisco J. Salguero et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the upper and lower respiratory tract of both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, causing pulmonary lesions. Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 are similar in both species, suggesting that both macaque species authentically represent mild to moderate forms of COVID-19. The findings provide valuable insights for evaluating interventions against SARS-CoV-2.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted through the air between ferrets over more than one meter distance

Jasmin S. Kutter et al.

Summary: The study shows that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through the air over more than a meter distance in ferrets, indicating that ferrets may be a sensitive model to study interventions aimed at preventing virus transmission.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Revealing Tissue-Specific SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Host Responses using Human Stem Cell-Derived Lung and Cerebral Organoids

Shashi Kant Tiwari et al.

Summary: Researchers generated iPSC-derived lung and brain organoids, finding that lung organoids are highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection, while brain organoids are less susceptible. These findings will aid in understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and drug discovery.

STEM CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

ACE2 OVEREXPRESSION CHANGES THE SARS-COV-2 INFECTION PROFILE IN BEAS-2B CELLS

CS Bartolomeo et al.

CYTOTHERAPY (2021)

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Editorial Material Veterinary Sciences

Nonhuman primate models for SARS-CoV-2 research: Consider alternatives to macaques

Michael C. Chang et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused a surge in demand for rhesus macaques, potentially leading to shortage in supply for COVID-19 research. Baboons, another well-characterized research primate model, should be considered as a promising alternative for studying COVID-19 disease.

LAB ANIMAL (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Evidence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats living with owners with a history of COVID-19 in Lima - Peru

Luis M. Jara et al.

Summary: This report investigates the exposure of domestic cats to SARS-CoV-2 in Lima, Peru, finding serum neutralizing antibodies against the virus in cats whose owners had been infected. The study reveals heterogeneity in exposure and immunity among cohabiting animals. Further research is needed to determine the prevalence of SARS-COV-2 exposure among domestic cats.

ONE HEALTH (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Single-cell analyses reveal SARS-CoV-2 interference with intrinsic immune response in the human gut

Sergio Triana et al.

Summary: An exacerbated pro-inflammatory immune response contributes to COVID-19 pathology, with the gut identified as a prime target of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Infected cells activate strong pro-inflammatory programs and produce interferon, while expression of interferon-stimulated genes is limited to bystander cells.

MOLECULAR SYSTEMS BIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome

Ani Nalbandian et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, causing global healthcare crises. Recovery from COVID-19 may lead to persistent symptoms and long-term complications, prompting the need for multidisciplinary care and follow-up for survivors.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Favipiravir antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in a hamster model

Jean-Selim Driouich et al.

Summary: Despite limited pre-clinical evidence, repurposed drugs such as favipiravir are being extensively evaluated in clinical trials to combat the lack of antiviral options against SARS-CoV-2. Favipiravir shows strong antiviral efficacy in a Syrian hamster model, with high doses reducing viral infectivity while inducing mutations in viral genomes. However, toxicity concerns are noted at the highest tested dose, requiring further pharmacokinetic and tolerance studies before potential human use.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

SARS-CoV-2 infection of primary human lung epithelium for COVID-19 modeling and drug discovery

Apoorva Mulay et al.

Summary: This study established primary human lung epithelial infection models to investigate the initial responses of proximal and distal lung epithelium to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The findings showed that epithelial cells in different areas of the lungs are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to a cell-autonomous proinflammatory response, with remdesivir proving effective in suppressing viral infection and replication.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

SARS-CoV-2 mutations acquired in mink reduce antibody-mediated neutralization

Markus Hoffmann et al.

Summary: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to farmed mink and back raises concerns of genetic variants with potential increased threat to human health. Mutations in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 from mink allow efficient entry into human cells and inhibition by ACE2, while mutation Y453F reduces neutralization by certain antibodies authorized for COVID-19 therapy. Antibody responses induced by infection or specific treatments might not offer adequate protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants from mink.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 infection, neuropathogenesis and transmission among deer mice: Implications for spillback to New World rodents

Anna Fagre et al.

Summary: The study found that deer mice are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and the virus can persist for a long time in their bodies, with efficient transmission to other deer mice. This suggests the potential for sustained transmission in natural populations of deer mice.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Q493K and Q498H substitutions in Spike promote adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in mice

Kun Huang et al.

Summary: By passaging SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice, researchers obtained a mouse-adapted virus strain with increased infectivity and severe interstitial pneumonia in mice; mutations Q493K and Q498H in the RBD of the virus enhanced its binding affinity to mouse ACE2; the study tentatively confirmed the antiviral activity of TLR7/8 agonist Resiquimod against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo.

EBIOMEDICINE (2021)

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Review Immunology

Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis of reactogenicity, immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

Ian McDonald et al.

Summary: This study provides a comparative evaluation of different vaccine platforms in terms of immunogenicity and efficacy. Vaccines generally result in mild and self-limiting adverse events. Different vaccines show varying levels of immunogenicity and efficacy.

NPJ VACCINES (2021)

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

A human-airway-on-a-chip for the rapid identification of candidate antiviral therapeutics and prophylactics

Longlong Si et al.

Summary: The microfluidic bronchial-airway-on-a-chip model, lined with human bronchial-airway epithelium and pulmonary endothelium, can replicate viral infections, cytokine production, and immune cell recruiting, facilitating the rapid identification of antiviral therapeutics and prophylactics with repurposing potential. A variety of drug combinations and treatments were tested on the chip to demonstrate their efficacy in combating infections and the potential for repurposing.

NATURE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cell-type-resolved quantitative proteomics map of interferon response against SARS-CoV-2

Elisa Saccon et al.

Summary: The study assessed the tropism and cytopathogenicity of the first Swedish isolate of SARS-CoV-2 in six different human cell lines, comparing their growth characteristics and performing quantitative proteomics for susceptible cell lines. The protein abundance profile during SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed cell-type-specific regulation of cellular pathways. The data showed cell-type specific variability for cytopathogenicity, susceptibility, and cellular response to SARS-CoV-2, offering important clues for future studies.

ISCIENCE (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Animal models for SARS-Cov2/Covid19 research-A commentary

Kurt Jarnagin et al.

Summary: There is an urgent need for new animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The current single transgene mouse models do not mimic the clinical features of COVID-19 well and have several deficiencies. Precision knock-in of selected human mini genes and knock-out of mouse homologs are proposed as better alternatives for creating more accurate animal models.

BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Morphological cell profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infection identifies drug repurposing candidates for COVID-19

Carmen Mirabelli et al.

Summary: Drug repurposing is an effective method for rapidly identifying drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Research has found that lactoferrin can inhibit virus infection in multiple cell models, showing potential for treating COVID-19.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Safety and Immunogenicity of a Newcastle Disease Virus Vector-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidate, AVX/COVID-12-HEXAPRO (Patria), in Pigs

Jesus Horacio Lara-Puente et al.

Summary: The study tested a second-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that can be administered intranasally, showing both safety and high immunogenicity in a pig model. The vaccine can induce immune responses to variants of the virus, whether administered intranasally or intramuscularly.

MBIO (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in the North American deer mouse

Bryan D. Griffin et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that North American deer mice are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and can replicate and transmit the virus without showing significant symptoms.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A CRISPR/Cas9 genetically engineered organoid biobank reveals essential host factors for coronaviruses

Joep Beumer et al.

Summary: Rapid identification of host genes essential for virus replication may accelerate therapeutic interventions. A study used mutant clonal intestinal organoids for 19 host genes implicated in coronavirus biology, identifying the cell surface protease TMPRSS2 as a potential therapeutic target.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 disease severity and transmission efficiency is increased for airborne compared to fomite exposure in Syrian hamsters

Julia R. Port et al.

Summary: Port and Yinda et al. directly compared the relative contribution of contact, fomite, and airborne transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian hamsters and found that different routes of exposure lead to distinct disease manifestations. Infection through intranasal and aerosol exposure caused severe respiratory pathology, while fomite exposure resulted in milder disease characterized by an anti-inflammatory immune state and delayed shedding pattern.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Single-cell transcriptome of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid reveals sequential change of macrophages during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets

Jeong Seok Lee et al.

Summary: The study utilized a longitudinal approach to analyze single-cell RNA sequencing data from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets, showing changes in immune response characteristics at 2 and 5 days post-infection compared to uninfected controls. This analysis identified distinct macrophage subsets and gene expression changes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, shedding light on the dynamic immune response dynamics triggered by the virus.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralising nanobody shows therapeutic efficacy in the Syrian golden hamster model of COVID-19

Jiandong Huo et al.

Summary: Nanobodies engineered as homotrimers show promising potential in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 viral strains for COVID-19 treatment, especially when administered through respiratory routes. The study characterizes four nanobodies with high affinity for the receptor binding domain of the spike protein, demonstrating efficacy in inhibiting disease progression in animal models.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A synthetic nanobody targeting RBD protects hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection

Tingting Li et al.

Summary: This study presented a synthetic nanobody with high affinity and neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 RBD, demonstrating the potential for therapeutic development. Various forms of improved potency have been generated through structure-based design, biparatopic construction, and divalent engineering, paving the way for targeted medical interventions during outbreaks.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial of an Inactivated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine in Healthy Adults

Yanchun Che et al.

Summary: This study evaluated an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for immunogenicity and safety in adults aged 18-59 years. The results showed that vaccinated adults developed neutralizing antibodies as well as anti-S/N antibodies with a low rate of adverse reactions.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

ACE2 protein expression within isogenic cell lines is heterogeneous and associated with distinct transcriptomes

Emily J. Sherman et al.

Summary: A flow cytometry-based assay was developed to specifically detect cellular ACE2 protein, revealing unexpected cellular heterogeneity and heritability in ACE2 expression. Transcriptomes of ACE2-expressing cells were distinct from non-expressing cells, enriched in functionally related genes and transcription factor target sets, suggesting epigenetic mechanisms of ACE2 gene regulation.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Organoids: A New Model for SARS-CoV-2 Translational Research

Jin Yu

Summary: The 2019-novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic presents a significant public health challenge, and the use of organoid models can provide a more accurate simulation of viral activity, facilitating the development of antiviral drugs.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans

Bas B. Oude Munnink et al.

Summary: Animal experiments have shown that various animals can be infected by SARS-CoV-2, with evidence of animal-to-human transmission within mink farms. Investigation into mink farm outbreaks revealed that the virus was initially introduced by humans and has since evolved, causing transmission between mink farms. Despite enhanced biosecurity measures and culling, transmission occurred between farms in three large clusters with unknown modes of transmission, resulting in a high percentage of infections among mink farm residents and employees.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Identification of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors using lung and colonic organoids

Yuling Han et al.

Summary: Researchers have developed lung and colonic organoid models using human pluripotent stem cells, which demonstrate susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These models are valuable for studying the infection of the virus and screening drugs, with potential therapeutic implications for COVID-19.

NATURE (2021)

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Letter Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A mouse model for SARS-CoV-2-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome

Weiqi Hong et al.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Letter Cell Biology

Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro

Manli Wang et al.

CELL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19

Philippe Colson et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS (2020)

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Article Virology

Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS

Yushun Wan et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

Peng Zhou et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Editorial Material Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system

Ying-Ying Zheng et al.

NATURE REVIEWS CARDIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

Na Zhu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Of chloroquine and COVID-19

Franck Touret et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2020)

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A synthetic consensus anti-spike protein DNA vaccine induces protective immunity against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in nonhuman primates

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Culturing of respiratory viruses in well-differentiated pseudostratified human airway epithelium as a tool to detect unknown viruses

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Wild-type and innate immune-deficient mice are not susceptible to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

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Molecular Determinants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Pathogenesis and Virulence in Young and Aged Mouse Models of Human Disease

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Entry of Influenza A Virus with α2,6-Linked Sialic Acid Binding Preference Requires Host Fibronectin

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TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 Facilitate Trypsin-Independent Spread of Influenza Virus in Caco-2 Cells

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Human airway epithelial cell culture to identify new respiratory viruses: Coronavirus NL63 as a model

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Global trends in emerging infectious diseases

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An immunosuppressed Syrian golden hamster model for SARS-CoV infection

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The SARS-CoV ferret model in an infection-challenge study

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SARS-CoV replication and pathogenesis in an in vitro model of the human conducting airway epithelium

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Human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals

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Lethal infection of K18-hACE2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

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Analysis of ACE2 in polarized epithelial cells: surface expression and function as receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus

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Therapy with a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody reduces disease severity and viral burden in golden Syrian hamsters

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Apical entry and release of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in polarized Calu-3 lung epithelial cells

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Pneumonitis and multi-organ system disease in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus

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Exogenous ACE2 expression allows refractory cell lines to support severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of Golden Syrian hamsters

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