Vortex-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion: An eco-friendly alternative for the determination of halogens in edible seaweed

Edible seaweed has been widely consumed around the world through oriental cuisine and it is important to monitor the levels of some elements, especially halogens. This study proposes, for the first time, the development of an analytical method using the vortex-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion (VA-MSPD) combined with alkaline extraction of halogens (F, Cl, Br, and I) in edible seaweed for further determination by ion chromatography. The proposed method was evaluated using edible seaweed of the Nori (Porphyra spp.) type and applied to samples of the Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida), Kombu (Laminaria ochroleuca), and Hijiki (Hizikia fusiformis) types. Important VA-MSPD parameters were investigated and using 0.1 g sample, 1 g sea sand as solid support, 50 mmol L-1 (NH4)(2)CO3 as extraction solution, and 5 min of maceration, higher extraction efficiencies were obtained. The method was linear within the evaluated range (R-2 > 0.99) for all elements and no matrix effect was observed. The detection limits of the method were 27, 26, 19, and 28 mu g g-1 for F, Cl, Br, and I, respectively. The accuracy was evaluated by a recovery test (ranging from 92 to 108%) and analysis of certified reference materials for apple leaves (NIST 1515) and peach leaves (NIST 1547), which had a good agreement (ranging from 97 to 101%) with the certified values. Comparing the results with those obtained by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after microwave-induced combustion, no significant difference was found between the results, and the relative standard deviations were lower than 12%. The proposed method proved to be efficient for the determination of halogens in different algae species, showing advantages such as simplicity and low cost, combined to the use of a material from renewable sources (sea sand) as a solid support, contributing to the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry.

Automated summary

This study developed an analytical method for the determination of halogens in edible seaweed using vortex-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion (VA-MSPD) combined with alkaline extraction and ion chromatography. The proposed method showed high efficiency, simplicity, and low cost, and utilized a renewable material as a solid support, contributing to the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry.