期刊
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
卷 830, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154737
关键词
Breast milk; Human milk bank; Bisphenols; Parabens; Benzophenones; Phenols
资金
- European Union Commission (The European Human Biomonitoring Initiative) [733032]
- Spanish Ministry of Health [PI16/01820, PI16/01812, PI16/01858, PI17/01743, PI17/01526]
- Junta de Andalucia [PI-0538-2017]
- Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP)
- Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII)
- Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (ISCIII/FEDER) [FI17/00316, FI18/00052]
- Miguel Servet Type I contract [MS16/00085]
- Jose Maria Segovia de Arana contract [INT18/00060]
This study investigated the concentrations of phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones, in samples from a human milk bank in Granada, Southern Spain. The results revealed the widespread presence of BPA, parabens, and BP-3 in donor breast milk samples, highlighting the need for preventive measures to enhance the benefits of breast milk from milk banks and from breastfeeding women in general.
Background: Human breast milk is considered the optimal source of nutrition for infants. Milk from breast milk banks offers an alternative to infant formulas for vulnerable hospitalized neonates most likely to benefit from exclusive human milk feeding. However, breast milk can also be a source of exposure to environmental contaminants, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).Aim: To evaluate concentrations of phenolic EDCs, including bisphenols, parabens (PBs), and benzophenones (BPs), in samples from a human milk bank in Granada, Southern Spain and to explore sociodemographic, reproductive, and lifestyle factors related to their concentrations in the milk.Methods: Concentrations of three bisphenols [bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS)], four PBs [methyl-(MeP), ethyl-(EtP), propyl-(n-PrP), and butyl-paraben (n-BuP)], and six BPs [BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-6, BP-8, and 4-hydroxy-BP] were determined in milk samples from 83 donors. Information on potential explanatory variables was gathered using the milk bank donor form and an ad hoc questionnaire. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were fitted.Results: Detectable concentrations were found of at least one of the analyzed compounds in all donor breast milk samples and at least five compounds in one -fifth of them. The most frequently detected compounds were MeP (90.5%), BP 3 (75.0%), EtP (51.2%), n-PrP (46.4%), and BPA (41.7%). Median concentrations ranged between <0.10 ng/mL (nPrP, n-BuP, BP-1) and 0.59 ng/mL (BP-3). No sample contained detectable concentrations of BPF, BPS, or most BPs(BP-2, BP-6, BP-8, and 4-hydroxy-BP). Breast milk phenol concentrations were associated with parity, the utilization of deodorants, mouthwash, skin care products, and cosmetics, and the intake of nutritional supplements.Conclusions: Results reveal the widespread presence of BPA, PBs, and BP-3 in donor breast milk samples, highlighting the need for preventive measures to enhance the benefits of breast milk from milk banks and from breastfeeding women in general.
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