RAD51 is a druggable target that sustains replication fork progression upon DNA replication stress

Solving the problems that replication forks encounter when synthesizing DNA is essential to prevent genomic instability. Besides their role in DNA repair in the G2 phase, several homologous recombination proteins, specifically RAD51, have prominent roles in the S phase. Using different cellular models, RAD51 has been shown not only to be present at ongoing and arrested replication forks but also to be involved in nascent DNA protection and replication fork restart. Through pharmacological inhibition, here we study the specific role of RAD51 in the S phase. RAD51 inhibition in non-transformed cell lines did not have a significant effect on replication fork progression under non-perturbed conditions, but when the same cells were subjected to replication stress, RAD51 became necessary to maintain replication fork progression. Notably, the inhibition or depletion of RAD51 did not compromise fork integrity when subjected to hydroxyurea treatment. RAD51 inhibition also did not decrease the ability to restart, but rather compromised fork progression during reinitiation. In agreement with the presence of basal replication stress in human colorectal cancer cells, RAD51 inhibition reduced replication fork speed in these cells and increased gamma H2Ax foci under control conditions. These alterations could have resulted from the reduced association of DNA polymerase alpha to chromatin, as observed when inhibiting RAD51. It may be possible to exploit the differential dependence of non-transformed cells versus colorectal cancer cells on RAD51 activity under basal conditions to design new therapies that specifically target cancer cells.

Automated summary

Solving the problems encountered by replication forks during DNA synthesis is crucial for preventing genomic instability. RAD51 plays a prominent role in the S phase, not only in DNA repair during the G2 phase, but also in nascent DNA protection and replication fork restart. RAD51 inhibition does not significantly affect replication fork progression under non-perturbed conditions, but becomes necessary to maintain replication fork progression under replication stress. In colorectal cancer cells, the inhibition of RAD51 slows down replication fork speed and increases gamma H2Ax foci, indicating the presence of basal replication stress.