☆ 4.4 Review

Relationship between thyroid hormones and central nervous system metabolism in physiological and pathological conditions

PHARMACOLOGICAL REPORTS (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Antiseizure medications and thyroid hormone homeostasis: Literature review and practical guideline

Anne Maria Rochtus et al.

Summary: Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the development of the central nervous system, brain function, and repair mechanisms. Studies have shown that alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism are common in epilepsy patients, especially those on certain antiseizure medications like valproate and carbamazepine. Patients on polytherapy, older age, female sex, longer duration of epilepsy, and intractable epilepsy are at higher risk for hypothyroidism. Further research on the interaction between newer antiseizure medications and thyroid hormone homeostasis is necessary to improve epilepsy patient care.

EPILEPSIA (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Exploring the potential of thyroid hormones to predict clinical improvements in depressive patients: A machine learning analysis of the real-world based study.

Dan Qiao et al.

Summary: The study found that lower levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) can predict poor clinical outcomes in depression. A predictive model incorporating FT3, FT4, HAMD, and HAMA scores was established with good predictive power.

JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS (2022)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

A Longitudinal Study of Medial Temporal Lobe Volumes in Graves Disease

Mats Holmberg et al.

Summary: The study found that Graves disease (GD) affects regional medial temporal lobe (MTL) volumes, with patients having smaller MTL regions compared to controls before treatment, and increased volumes in MTL regions after treatment. There were significant correlations between thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) levels and MTL volumes, as well as between free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine levels and TRAb levels with MTL volumes. However, there were no significant correlations between symptoms or test scores and MTL volumes.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2022)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Movement disorders in MCT8 deficiency/Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome

Silvia Masnada et al.

Summary: Movement disorders are common clinical features in patients with MCT8 deficiency, including hypokinesia and dystonia, with hypokinesia being the predominant manifestation in most patients, while dystonia is more frequently observed but generally mild to moderate in severity.

MOLECULAR GENETICS AND METABOLISM (2022)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Reduced pituitary size in subjects with mutations in the THRB gene and thyroid hormone resistance

Marcus Heldmann et al.

Summary: This study found that mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta can lead to a smaller pituitary gland size and decreased sensitivity to thyroid hormones in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone beta.

ENDOCRINE CONNECTIONS (2022)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Higher thyroid function is associated with accelerated hippocampal volume loss in Alzheimer's disease

Patrick Quinlan et al.

Summary: This study found that higher thyroid hormone levels were associated with lower brain volume and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in elderly individuals. However, the relationship between serum thyroid hormones and hippocampal atrophy rates has not been previously investigated. The results showed that FT3/FT4 ratio was related to baseline hippocampal volume in all study groups, but only in AD patients, higher levels of thyroid hormones were associated with greater annual loss of hippocampal volume.

PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Role of Thyroid Hormones on Skeletal Muscle Thermogenesis

Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj et al.

Summary: Obesity has become a major global problem, and there is growing interest in exploring the relationship between thyroid hormones and obesity as well as muscle metabolism. However, more research is needed to fully understand the interaction between the thyroid and muscle.

METABOLITES (2022)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Pathophysiology and Clinical Features of Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Thyroid Disease

Marilu Jurado-Flores et al.

Summary: Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the development of the central nervous system during embryogenesis and early infancy. However, the developing brain stops responding to thyroid hormones in adulthood. Nevertheless, thyroid dysfunction in adults is often associated with cognitive and psychiatric problems. Overt hypothyroidism can cause cognitive decline, dysphoria, and depression, while hyperthyroidism can lead to agitation, acute psychosis, and apathy. The use of levothyroxine to treat dementia in hypothyroidism is effective, but its effect on depressive symptoms in subclinical hypothyroidism is controversial.

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Review Clinical Neurology

Promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis

Nick Cunniffe et al.

Summary: Enhancing endogenous remyelination is a promising strategy for treating multiple sclerosis, with identified druggable targets in preclinical studies leading to potential licensed treatments. While there are still unanswered questions, recent research has provided new insights into the complexity of remyelination process, improving our understanding of barriers and potential treatments.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Thyroid hormone levels and structural parameters of thyroid homeostasis are correlated with motor subtype and disease severity in euthyroid patients with Parkinson's disease

Yinyin Tan et al.

Summary: The study investigates the relationship between thyroid function and Parkinson's disease, revealing that thyroid hormone levels are correlated with motor subtype and disease severity in euthyroid PD patients.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Shedding light on thyroid hormone disorders and Parkinson disease pathology: mechanisms and risk factors

S. Mohammadi et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is associated with impaired regulation of thyroid hormones levels, which can be influenced by levodopa and bromocriptine treatment. Various thyroid disturbances increase the risk of PD and share clinical signs with the disease, while certain genes affect the risk for both conditions.

JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Lipid metabolism in astrocytic structure and function

James A. K. Lee et al.

Summary: Astrocytes in the central nervous system play crucial roles in metabolic homeostasis, blood brain barrier regulation, and neuronal crosstalk; Lipids are fundamental for astrocyte function, including energy generation, membrane fluidity, and cell to cell signaling; Disruption in lipid metabolism, structure, and signaling in astrocytes can lead to pathogenic mechanisms associated with various neurological disorders.

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Role of thyroid hormones in normal and abnormal central nervous system myelination in humans and rodents

Maurice Pagnin et al.

Summary: Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in vertebrate central nervous system development and function, particularly in the key neurodevelopmental process of myelination. Adequate levels of THs are essential for promoting proper neural function by supporting the maturation of myelin-producing cells.

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Presenting symptoms and endocrine dysfunction in Rathke cleft cysts - a two-centre experience

Daniela Dadej et al.

Summary: Rathke cleft cysts (RCC) are developmental abnormalities of the pituitary gland, often diagnosed incidentally but can present with various symptoms and hormonal dysfunction. A significant co-occurrence of RCC with metabolic disorders and thyroid diseases highlights the need for further investigation.

ENDOKRYNOLOGIA POLSKA (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Neurometabolite Changes in Hyperthyroid Patients Before and After Antithyroid Treatment: An in vivo 1H MRS Study

Mukesh Kumar et al.

Summary: Patients with hyperthyroidism exhibit metabolic changes in brain subcortical regions, which can be reversed after antithyroid treatment.

FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyroid hormones in the regulation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis

Sarah Christine Sentis et al.

Summary: Thyroid hormone plays a critical role in regulating BAT thermogenesis, affecting not only the tissue's sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation and the expression of key proteins, but also indirectly through the CNS, browning of white adipose tissue, and heat loss over body surfaces. Recent findings suggest a dose dependency in the effects of thyroid hormone, highlighting the need for further studies to address key questions in the field that remain unresolved.

ENDOCRINE CONNECTIONS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Contribution of Hypothyroidism to Cognitive Impairment and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity Regulation in an Animal Model of Depression

Katarzyna Glombik et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the possible link between depression and hypothyroidism, finding that WKY rats showed weakened memory processes and reduced long-term potentiation, while PTU administration in Wistar rats decreased LTP and increased basal excitatory transmission. Differences in synaptic plasticity between strains were observed, suggesting a lower sensitivity of the hippocampus to thyroid hormones in depression.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Neuron-specific mitochondrial oxidative stress results in epilepsy, glucose dysregulation and a striking astrocyte response

Ruth E. Fulton et al.

Summary: The study suggests that neuron-specific mitochondrial superoxide production is sufficient to drive complex and catastrophic epileptic phenotype, emphasizing the role of SOD2 in influencing astrocytic response in a cell-nonautonomous manner.

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Thyroid hormone and thyromimetics inhibit myelin and axonal degeneration and oligodendrocyte loss in EAE

P. Chaudhary et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that thyromimetics could prevent myelin and axonal degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, reduce clinical disease symptoms, and protect oligodendrocytes against cell death.

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

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Philip Scheltens et al.

Summary: Alzheimer's disease is projected to see a significant increase in prevalence in the future, with genetics playing a key role. Novel biomarkers and lifestyle-based prevention trials show promising therapeutic potential. Promising pharmacological treatments are advancing in clinical trials, targeting amyloid beta, tau, and inflammation.

LANCET (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The receptor hypothesis and the pathogenesis of depression: Genetic bases and biological correlates

Hui-Qin Wang et al.

Summary: Depression is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with multiple potential causes, including receptor abnormalities and gene variations, which play crucial roles in the onset of the disease. Understanding the biological mechanisms and social context of these receptors is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies and advancing early diagnosis and treatment of depression.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The evaluation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with event-related potentials and magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its relation to cognitive function

Marta Waliszewska-Prosol et al.

Summary: Thyroid dysfunction often coexists with cognitive and affective disorders. The present study evaluated brain dysfunction in euthyroid HT patients and found potential cognitive impairment. ERPs and MRS could serve as important tools to recognize and monitor cognitive functions in this patient group.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Gray Matter and Regional Brain Activity Abnormalities in Subclinical Hypothyroidism

Yang Zhang et al.

Summary: This study found that in patients with SCH, gray matter volume in some brain areas was significantly reduced, while regional brain activity was significantly increased. After treatment, the corresponding structural and functional deficiencies showed an improvement trend.

FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Congenital Hypothyroidism and Brain Development: Association With Other Psychiatric Disorders

Katsuya Uchida et al.

Summary: Thyroid hormones are crucial for brain development, and insufficient levels during the perinatal period can lead to severe developmental delays. Research has shown that thyroid hormone insufficiency can significantly impact brain structure and function, particularly through decreased expression of parvalbumin.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The Correlation Between Thyroid Function, Frontal Gray Matter, and Executive Function in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder

Shuai Zhao et al.

Summary: In this study, MDD patients showed reduced gray matter volume in several brain regions, including significant positive associations between serum TSH levels and altered regional gray matter volume patterns within the frontal gyrus (MFG) and executive function. Importantly, the right MFG gray matter was discovered to mediate the relationship between serum TSH levels and executive function in MDD patients.

FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Parkinson's disease

Bastiaan R. Bloem et al.

Summary: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition with diverse causes and clinical presentations. Diagnosis is clinically based, and treatment goals vary from person to person, emphasizing the need for personalized management. Currently, there is no therapy to slow down or arrest the progression of Parkinson's disease.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Identification of a Thyroid Hormone Derivative as a Pleiotropic Agent for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Massimiliano Runfola et al.

Summary: In order to treat Alzheimer's disease, researchers designed a compound called SG2 with pleiotropic effects such as promoting autophagic flux, neuroprotection, and metabolic reprogramming. In animal model experiments, SG2 showed the ability to promote recovery in the AD model and improve learning abilities. This compound has been confirmed to have low toxicity, serving as a potential starting point for the development of AD drugs.

PHARMACEUTICALS (2021)

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Article Psychiatry

Cognitive functions and thyroid hormones secretion disorders

Mateusz Przybylak et al.

Summary: The relationship between thyroid function and cognitive processes is complex and still lacks a conclusive explanation despite decades of intensive research.

PSYCHIATRIA POLSKA (2021)

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Article Psychiatry

Subclinical hypothyroidism and symptoms of depression: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)

Jaakko Airaksinen et al.

Summary: The study found no association between subclinical hypothyroidism and overall risk of depression or any individual symptoms of depression in a nationally representative sample of US adults.

COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHIATRY (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and major depressive disorder

Grigorios N. Karakatsoulis et al.

Summary: Studies suggest a possible link between an autoimmune mechanism, potentially involving the thyroid gland, and depressive disorders, but the evidence so far is inconclusive.

HORMONES-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Association between thyroid function and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review

Paulina Belen Sepulveda Figueroa et al.

Summary: Studies have shown alterations in TH and circadian rhythm in AD patients, with TH deficits correlated with behavior, cognition, cerebral blood flow, and glucose consumption. The causal relationship between thyroid dysfunctions and AD remains inconclusive, but there is enough evidence in the literature to support a relationship between TH and AD. Further research in this field is needed to better understand the potential impact of TH on AD.

METABOLIC BRAIN DISEASE (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Role of thyroid hormone therapy in depressive disorders

M. Bauer et al.

Summary: Thyroid hormones play a key role in regulating mood disorders, especially when used in conjunction with antidepressants. Supraphysiologic doses of LT4 show promise as a treatment strategy for patients with refractory bipolar and depressive mood disorders.

JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The essential elements of Alzheimer's disease

Peng Lei et al.

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The effect of antiepileptic drugs on thyroid hormonal function: valproic acid and phenobarbital

Olcay Gungor et al.

ACTA NEUROLOGICA BELGICA (2020)

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Thyroid hormone treatment in the management of treatment-resistant unipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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The Influence of Thyroid Hormones on Brain Structure and Function in Humans

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Patients with mutations of the Thyroid hormone beta-receptor show an ADHD-like phenotype for performance monitoring: an electrophysiological study

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Antiepileptic drugs are associated with central hypothyroidism

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The metabolic alterations within the normal appearing brain in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis are correlated with hormonal changes

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Prevalence of depression among hypothyroid patients attending the primary healthcare and endocrine clinics of King Fahad Hospital of the University (KFHU)

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Thyroid hormone receptor and ERR. coordinately regulate mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, biogenesis, and function

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JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2016)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Hyperthyroidism

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LANCET (2016)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Energy Metabolism of the Brain, Including the Cooperation between Astrocytes and Neurons, Especially in the Context of Glycogen Metabolism

Anna Falkowska et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2015)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Perspectives on thyroid hormone action in adult neurogenesis

Richa Kapoor et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY (2015)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyroid Hormone and Astroglia: Endocrine Control of the Neural Environment

R. S. Dezonne et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY (2015)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Thyroid hormone level is associated with motor symptoms in de novo Parkinson's disease

Tadashi Umehara et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2015)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Thyroid hormones: Possible roles in epilepsy pathology

Seyedeh Masoumeh Seyedhoseini Tamijani et al.

SEIZURE-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPILEPSY (2015)

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Article Neurosciences

Possible role of glial cells in the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and mental disorders

Mami Noda

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience (2015)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

Subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive function in people over 60 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abimbola A. Akintola et al.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2015)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The effect of antiepileptic drugs on thyroid hormonal function: causes and implications

Sherifa Ahmed Hamed

EXPERT REVIEW OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2015)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Hypothyroidism and brain developmental players

R. G. Ahmed

THYROID RESEARCH (2015)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyroid Hormone, Thyromimetics, and Metabolic Efficiency

Einav Yehuda-Shnaidman et al.

ENDOCRINE REVIEWS (2014)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Grey matter abnormalities in untreated hyperthyroidism: A voxel-based morphometry study using the DARTEL approach

Wei Zhang et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY (2014)

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Review Physiology

THYROID HORMONE REGULATION OF METABOLISM

Rashmi Mullur et al.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2014)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Fatty Acids in Energy Metabolism of the Central Nervous System

Alexander Panov et al.

BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2014)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyroid hormone action: astrocyte-neuron communication

Beatriz Morte et al.

FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2014)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Thyroid Hormone Signaling and Homeostasis During Aging

J. Bowers et al.

ENDOCRINE REVIEWS (2013)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mitochondrial involvement and oxidative stress in temporal lobe epilepsy

Shane Rowley et al.

FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2013)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Neurotrophins in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With and Without Psychiatric Comorbidities

Ludmyla Kandratavicius et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2013)

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Article Cell Biology

Thyroid hormones and mitochondria: With a brief look at derivatives and analogues

Federica Cioffi et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY (2013)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Increased Oxidative Metabolism and Neurotransmitter Cycling in the Brain of Mice Lacking the Thyroid Hormone Transporter Slc16a2 (Mct8)

Tiago B. Rodrigues et al.

PLOS ONE (2013)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Reduced cerebrospinal fluid level of thyroxine in patients with Alzheimer's disease

Per Johansson et al.

PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY (2013)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Age associated low mitochondrial biogenesis may be explained by lack of response of PGC-1α to exercise training

Frederic Derbre et al.

AGE (2012)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action

Gregory A. Brent

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2012)

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Article Oncology

Hypothalamic mTOR pathway mediates thyroid hormone-induced hyperphagia in hyperthyroidism

Luis Varela et al.

JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY (2012)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Thyroid hormone regulation of APP (β-amyloid precursor protein) gene expression in brain and brain cultured cells

Constanza Contreras-Jurado et al.

NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL (2012)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Hashimoto's encephalopathy: neuropsychological findings

I. Mazzu et al.

NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2012)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Time course of Hashimoto's encephalopathy revealed by MRI: Report of two cases

Nan Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2011)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Immuno-localisation of anti-thyroid antibodies in adult human cerebral cortex

Kogie Moodley et al.

JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2011)

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Article Cell Biology

Thyroid hormone suppression of β-amyloid precursor protein gene expression in the brain involves multiple epigenetic regulatory events

Madesh Belakavadi et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY (2011)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mitochondrial energy metabolism and ageing

Ivana Bratic et al.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS (2010)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Familial Longevity Is Associated with Decreased Thyroid Function

M. P. Rozing et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2010)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Brain Glucose Metabolism in Hypothyroidism: A Positron Emission Tomography Study before and after Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy

M. Bauer et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2009)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Genetic Predisposition to Elevated Serum Thyrotropin Is Associated with Exceptional Longevity

Gil Atzmon et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2009)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

The role of the placenta in thyroid hormone delivery to the fetus

Shiao Y. Chan et al.

NATURE CLINICAL PRACTICE ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2009)

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Review Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Interactions between brain, psyche and thyroid

M. Schmidt et al.

NUKLEARMEDIZIN-NUCLEAR MEDICINE (2008)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Hashimoto's encephalopathy - Epidemiology, pathogenesis and management

Ramon Mocellin et al.

CNS DRUGS (2007)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Positron emission tomography reveals correlations between brain metabolism and mood changes in hyperthyroidism

M. F. Schreckenberger et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2006)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis and primary CNS demyelination

DJ Mahad et al.

JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2005)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Brain glucose utilization in mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone α or β receptor gene

Y Itoh et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2001)

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Review Neurosciences

The role of cytokines and growth factors in seizures and their sequelae

JL Jankowsky et al.

PROGRESS IN NEUROBIOLOGY (2001)

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