The spectrin cytoskeleton integrates endothelial mechanoresponses

Physiological blood flow induces the secretion of vasoactive compounds, notably nitric oxide, and promotes endothelial cell elongation and reorientation parallel to the direction of applied shear. How shear is sensed and relayed to intracellular effectors is incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that an apical spectrin network is essential to convey the force imposed by shear to endothelial mechanosensors. By anchoring CD44, spectrins modulate the cell surface density of hyaluronan and sense and translate shear into changes in plasma membrane tension. Spectrins also regulate the stability of apical caveolae, where the mechanosensitive PIEZO1 channels are thought to reside. Accordingly, shear-induced PIEZO1 activation and the associated calcium influx were absent in spectrin-deficient cells. As a result, cell realignment and flow-induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase stimulation were similarly dependent on spectrin. We conclude that the apical spectrin network is not only required for shear sensing but also transmits and distributes the resulting tensile forces to mechanosensors that elicit protective and vasoactive responses. Mylvaganam et al. report that an apical spectrin network in endothelial cells can transmit mechanical forces in response to shear flow-induced stress, requiring hyaluronic acid and involving PIEZO1.

Automated summary

This study reveals the importance of the apical spectrin network in conveying shear forces to endothelial mechanosensors. Spectrins anchor CD44 to modulate the cell surface density of hyaluronan and translate shear into changes in plasma membrane tension. Spectrins also regulate the stability of apical caveolae, where the mechanosensitive PIEZO1 channels are thought to reside.