4.6 Review

Molecular-Targeted Therapy of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia

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Mutated KIT Tyrosine Kinase as a Novel Molecular Target in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

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Summary: After nearly four decades since their conceptualization, antibody-based therapies are slowly being integrated into the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). While gemtuzumab ozogamicin is the only approved antibody-based therapy for AML thus far, the development of bispecific antibodies has shown early promising results, with the common concept of simultaneous binding to malignant cell surface targets and CD3 on T cells.

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Decitabine Induces Gene Derepression on Monosomic Chromosomes: In Vitro and In Vivo Effects in Adverse-Risk Cytogenetics AML

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Impact of KMT2A Rearrangement and CSPG4 Expression in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Lina Marie Hoffmeister et al.

Summary: KMT2A rearrangements are common in pediatric AML and are important for risk group stratification. This study analyzed a cohort of 967 pediatric AML patients, finding no impact of KMT2A-r on overall survival when subgroups were combined, but showing different prognosis in various subgroups. KMT2A-r is correlated with KRAS mutations and has less FLT3-ITDs, while being mutually exclusive with other genetic mutations. Additionally, CSPG4 expression is correlated with KMT2A-r but does not have a significant prognostic impact.

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IDH Inhibitors in AML-Promise and Pitfalls

Hannah McMurry et al.

Summary: Mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 are common in AML, with inhibitors of these mutated genes now approved by the FDA for AML treatment. While IDH inhibitors show efficacy as monotherapy, they demonstrate higher response rates when combined with HMAs. Current and future trials are exploring various combination approaches, such as with standard chemotherapy, maintenance therapy, and venetoclax-based regimens, to optimize outcomes for AML patients with IDH mutations.

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Cytogenetic and mutational analysis and outcome assessment of a cohort of 284 children with de novo acute myeloid leukemia reveal complex karyotype as an adverse risk factor for inferior survival

Xi Chen et al.

Summary: The study on 284 Chinese children with de novo AML revealed that complex karyotype (CK) is an adverse risk factor for reduced survival, with CK-AML patients showing shorter overall survival and event-free survival. Additionally, typical CK and a higher number of cytogenetic aberrations were associated with poorer outcomes in childhood AML.

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Wilms Tumor 1 Mutations Are Independent Poor Prognostic Factors in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Yin Wang et al.

Summary: WT1 mutations are associated with poor prognosis in pediatric AML, especially when co-occurring with FLT3/ITD mutations. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may improve the prognosis of patients with WT1 mutations.

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Optimizing DNA hypomethylating therapy in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes

Jasmin Straube et al.

Summary: DNA hypomethylating agents AZA and DAC have shown potential in improving survival in MDS and AML patients, particularly in older patients and in combination with novel agents. An oral formulation of AZA has shown advantages in AML patients, while DAC and AZA have been found to significantly improve survival in elderly AML patients through combination with other drugs.

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Targeting intracellular WT1 in AML with a novel RMF-peptide-MHC-specific T-cell bispecific antibody

Christian Augsberger et al.

Summary: The novel T-cell bispecific (TCB) antibody targets intracellular antigens, recognizing multiple leukemia-associated targets. WT1-TCB demonstrates potent killing of AML cells through various methods, with enhanced cytotoxicity when combined with immunomodulatory drugs.
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Summary: Using the CD33-targeted agent gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) improved event-free survival (EFS) and reduced relapse risk (RR) for pediatric patients with KMT2A-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Incorporating GO into treatment may lead to better outcomes, especially when combined with hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT).

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Novel CAR T therapy is a ray of hope in the treatment of seriously ill AML patients

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Cytogenetics of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Review of the Current Knowledge

Julie Quessada et al.

Summary: Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia is a rare and heterogeneous disease with improved treatment outcomes but high relapse rates. Cytogenetics play a crucial role in diagnosis and prognosis, with cytogenetic abnormalities in current therapeutic protocols guiding risk-adapted therapy.
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Antibody-Drug Conjugates for the Treatment of Acute Pediatric Leukemia

Jamie L. Stokke et al.

Summary: ADCs have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for leukemia, particularly in pediatric acute leukemias, by utilizing monoclonal antibodies linked to cytotoxic payloads. Targeting CD22 has shown significant efficacy in B-ALL, with ongoing efforts to identify more leukemia-specific targets and enhance ADC structure for improved therapeutic outcomes.

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Advances in the First Line Treatment of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia in the Polish Pediatric Leukemia and Lymphoma Study Group from 1983 to 2019

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FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia: 2021 treatment algorithm

Naval Daver et al.

Summary: Approximately 30% of newly diagnosed AML patients have FLT3 gene mutations, with FLT3-ITDmut showing adverse prognostic impact. Guidelines recommend rapid molecular testing for FLT3(mut) and early use of targeted agents, but challenges remain in prolonged remission, limited options for refractory patients, and resistance mechanisms that call for multi-agent therapies.

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