Comparative profiling and exposure assessment of microplastics in differently sized Manila clams from South Korea by μFTIR and Nile Red staining

The accumulation of microplastics in marine organisms is an emerging concern. Due to trophic transfer, the safety of seafood is under investigation in view of the potential negative effects of microplastics on human health. In this study, market samples of Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) from South Korea were segregated into two groups of considerably different size (p < 0.05), namely small clams with shell length of 40.69 +/- 3.97 mm, and large clams of shell length 51.19 +/- 2.86 mm. Comparative profiling of the number, size, shape, and polymer type of microplastics were performed using mu FTIR imaging and Nile red staining. Overall, mu FTIR detected only 1559 microplastics while 1996 microplastics were counted based on staining from 61 Manila clams (30 small and 31 large), leading to an overestimation of 18 to 75 %. Comparable microplastics concentration, based on mu FTIR, were observed at 2.70 +/- 1.66 MP/g or 15.64 +/- 9.25 MP/individual for the small samples, and 3.65 +/- 1.59 MP/g or 41.63 +/- 16.90 MP/individual for the large ones (p > 0.05). Particle diameters of 20-100 mu m was the most dominant, accounting for 44.6 % and 46.5 % of all microplastics from the small and large groups, respectively. Particles, with a circularity (resemblance to a circle) value between 0.6 and 1.0, were the most prevalent, fololowed by fragments and fibers. At least 50 % of microplastics from the small and large samples were polystyrene, making it the most abundant polymer type. Despite the substantial difference in the size of the animals, only a weak to moderate correlation was observed between microplastics content and the physical attributes of the clams such as shell length and weight, (soft) tissue weight, and total weight (Spearman's coefficient < 0.5). The estimated intake of microplastics by the Korean population was 1232 MP/person/year via small clams, 1663 MP/ person/year via large clams, and 1489 MP/person/year via clams independent of size.

Automated summary

The presence of microplastics in Manila clams from the Korean market was studied. Microplastics of various shapes, mainly composed of polystyrene, were detected. There was a weak correlation between the concentration of microplastics and the physical attributes of the clams. The estimated intake of microplastics by the Korean population through consuming Manila clams was substantial.