☆ 4.7 Review

SARS-CoV-2 infection and lytic reactivation of herpesviruses: A potential threat in the postpandemic era?

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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The Anti-COVID-19 Drug Remdesivir Promotes Oncogenic Herpesvirus Reactivation through Regulation of Intracellular Signaling Pathways

Jungang Chen et al.

Summary: Recently, Remdesivir and Molnupiravir have been approved for treating COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, their impact on other preexisting viruses in COVID-19 patients is not well understood. This study shows that Remdesivir can induce lytic reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), while Molnupiravir does not have the same effect.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2022)

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Pityriasis Rosea-like eruptions following COVID-19 mRNA-1273 vaccination: A case report and literature review

Chii-Shyan Wang et al.

Summary: In this case report, cutaneous PR-like eruptions following COVID-19 mRNA-1273 vaccination are described. During the COVID-19 pandemic, PR or PR-like eruptions related to COVID-19 infection or vaccination have been rarely reported.

JOURNAL OF THE FORMOSAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, but Not Epstein-Barr Virus, Co-infection Associates With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Severity and Outcome in South African Patients

Melissa J. Blumenthal et al.

Summary: This study in South Africa found a potential association between KSHV infection and COVID-19 severity and death. The high disease burden in South Africa may play a role in this relationship, which requires further investigation.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Dermatology

Cutaneous reactions after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a cross-sectional Spanish nationwide study of 405 cases

A. Catala et al.

Summary: This study investigated cutaneous reactions after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, finding that most were mild to moderate, but severe cases were also reported. Understanding these reactions can help healthcare professionals and reassure patients.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biology

SARS-CoV-2 proteins and anti-COVID-19 drugs induce lytic reactivation of an oncogenic virus

Jungang Chen et al.

Summary: The study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 encoded proteins and some anti-COVID-19 drugs can induce lytic reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), increasing the risk of virus-associated cancers for KSHV-positive patients exposed to COVID-19 or undergoing its treatment, even after they have fully recovered from COVID-19.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Virology

Human herpesvirus-6,-7, and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in pityriasis rosea during COVID-19

Francesco Drago et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Reactivation of herpes simplex keratitis following vaccination for COVID-19

James Richardson-May et al.

Summary: An 82-year-old man with a history of herpes simplex keratitis experienced recurrence 1 day after receiving the novel COVID-19 vaccine. Despite worsened condition, treatment with systemic aciclovir, prednisolone, moxifloxacin, atropine, and oral doxycycline led to clinical improvement and improved visual acuity. While the benefits of vaccination are important, ophthalmic providers should be aware of the rare potential for reactivation of herpetic eye disease following vaccination for prompt diagnosis and treatment.

BMJ CASE REPORTS (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

EBV DNA increase in COVID-19 patients with impaired lymphocyte subpopulation count

Stefania Paolucci et al.

Summary: This study monitored the immunologic profile and opportunistic viral DNA increase in Italian patients with COVID-19 to identify markers of disease severity. It found a correlation between reduced CD8(+) T cells and NK counts, elevated EBV DNA levels, and COVID-19 severity, highlighting the importance of further evaluating the relationship between EBV load and disease severity in longitudinal studies.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Pityriasis rosea as a leading manifestation of COVID-19 infection

R. Merhy et al.

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY (2021)

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COVID-19 and HHV8 first spotted together: an affair under electron microscopy

E. Leoni et al.

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Beyond Omicron: what’s next for COVID’s viral evolution

Ewen Callaway

NATURE (2021)

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SARS-CoV-2 respiratory co-infections: Incidence of viral and bacterial co-pathogens

Vijay Singh et al.

Summary: This study investigated bacterial and viral co-infections in COVID-19 patients and found a lower rate of viral co-infections overall, but significant levels of Staphylococcus aureus and Epstein-Barr virus co-infections in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. The findings contribute to our understanding of the current pandemic and can assist clinicians in making better patient care decisions.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Herpes zoster following inactivated COVID-19 vaccine: A coexistence or coincidence?

Ecem Bostan et al.

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Causes a Different Cytokine Response Compared to Other Cytokine Storm-Causing Respiratory Viruses in Severely Ill Patients

Marton Olbei et al.

Summary: The hyper-induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, also known as a cytokine storm or CRS, is a key aspect of the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, contributing to mortality in certain COVID-19 patients. By analyzing cytokine responses to various viral infections, it was found that SARS-CoV-2 induces a unique dysregulation in the type-I interferon response compared to other respiratory viruses. This study's findings could potentially aid specialists in identifying interventions to alleviate CRS in various diseases and evaluate their applicability in COVID-19 cases.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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SARS-CoV-2 and EBV; the cost of a second mitochondrial whammy?

Alistair V. W. Nunn et al.

Summary: Good mitochondrial health may play a key role in determining the severity of COVID-19, especially in older populations who are more susceptible to infection. Viruses have the ability to manipulate mitochondrial function and may impact the ageing process, with slowing ageing potentially linked to better economic outcomes.

IMMUNITY & AGEING (2021)

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Letter Virology

Herpes zoster emergence following mRNA COVID-19 vaccine

Edward Eid et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Replication Induces ACE2 Expression and Enhances SARS-CoV-2 Pseudotyped Virus Entry in Epithelial Cells

Dinesh Verma et al.

Summary: Understanding the factors that affect the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial in combating COVID-19. This study showed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection induced ACE2 expression in epithelial cells, increasing susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. The EBV transcriptional activator Zta directly activated the ACE2 promoter, and inhibiting EBV replication may reduce susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Rheumatology

Herpes zoster following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a case series

Victoria Furer et al.

Summary: The safety profile of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines in patients with AIIRD is still unclear, but there is a potential association between BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination and reactivation of herpes zoster in this patient population. More epidemiologic studies are needed to further investigate this association.

RHEUMATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with acute COVID-19 with Epstein-Barr virus reactivation

Yun Xie et al.

Summary: This retrospective single-center study found that COVID-19 patients with EBV reactivation had higher rates of tachypnoea, greater decreases in lymphocyte and albumin levels, higher levels of D-dimer and serum calcium, higher rates of CRP and occurrence of respiratory failure, ARDS, and hypoproteinaemia, as well as significantly higher 28-day and 14-day mortality rates compared to patients without EBV reactivation. These patients also received more immuno-supportive treatment.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Pre-existing health conditions and severe COVID-19 outcomes: an umbrella review approach and meta-analysis of global evidence

Marina Treskova-Schwarzbach et al.

Summary: This study used an umbrella review approach to summarize global evidence on the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with pre-existing health conditions. The risk of adverse COVID-19 health outcomes is consistently increased in certain patient subgroups across geographical regions, showing high variability in others. The results can help inform COVID-19 vaccine prioritization or other intervention strategies.

BMC MEDICINE (2021)

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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after COVID-19 vaccination

Liang V. Tang et al.

Summary: This is the first reported case of a healthy individual developing hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. The patient's symptoms gradually improved after treatment. The study suggests that excluding the presence of active EBV infection or other common viruses before COVID-19 vaccination is crucial.

JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Varicella-Zoster virus reactivation following SARS-CoV-2 immunization in two patients with leukemia

Catherine E. Foster et al.

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Positive Epstein-Barr virus detection in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients

Ting Chen et al.

Summary: This study revealed a high incidence of EBV coinfection in COVID-19 patients. Coinfection with EBV and SARS-CoV-2 was associated with fever and increased inflammation, indicating a potentially more severe condition.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 and Cytomegalovirus Co-Infections-A Case Series of Critically Ill Patients

Patricia Moniz et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased cases of CMV reactivation in critically ill patients, although the exact relationship between the two remains unclear. The significant immune suppression in severe COVID-19 patients may impact CMV reactivation, potentially affecting the clinical course. Multiple confounding factors in these patients will pose challenges for future research.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation

Jeffrey E. Gold et al.

Summary: The study found a prevalence of 30.3% for long COVID symptoms among COVID-19 patients, with some initially asymptomatic patients developing long-term symptoms. Additionally, a significantly higher rate of EBV reactivation was observed in long COVID subjects compared to control subjects, suggesting a potential association between COVID-19 inflammation and EBV reactivation.

PATHOGENS (2021)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Disseminated Kaposi sarcoma following COVID-19 in a 61-year-old Albanian immunocompetent man: a case report and review of the literature

Giulia Gardini et al.

Summary: The reactivation of latent infections, including HHV-8 and Kaposi sarcoma, may occur in patients with COVID-19 and its treatment, possibly influenced by factors such as Interleukin-6 activity and steroid-induced immunodeficiency. Despite the high incidence of COVID-19 in areas with medium-high prevalence of HHV-8 infection, no published case of disseminated KS following COVID-19 in otherwise healthy individuals was found through systematic literature review, suggesting a potential role of individual genetic susceptibility factors.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Herpesvirus reactivation during severe COVID-19 and high rate of immune defect

A. Saade et al.

Summary: The study found that the incidence of herpesvirus reactivation in patients treated in the ICU for severe COVID-19 was high, but in most cases did not require antiviral treatment. Pre-existing hematological malignancy and solid organ transplantation were independently associated with viral reactivation, but viral reactivation was not associated with mortality.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES NOW (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Epstein-Barr Virus Coinfection in COVID-19

Asim Nadeem et al.

Summary: EBV, a member of the herpes virus family, is a causative agent for infectious mononucleosis. Most cases are asymptomatic, but hepatitis has been found to be related to acute EBV and cytomegalovirus reactivation versus acute infection.

JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE HIGH IMPACT CASE REPORTS (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

High incidence of Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and human-herpes virus-6 reactivations in critically ill patients with COVID-19

A. Simonnet et al.

Summary: Critically ill patients with COVID-19 in the ICU are prone to herpesvirus reactivation, particularly with EBV, which occurs early and is associated with longer ICU stays.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES NOW (2021)

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Article Ophthalmology

Positive detection of SARS-CoV-2 combined HSV1 and HHV6B virus nucleic acid in tear and conjunctival secretions of a non-conjunctivitis COVID-19 patient with obstruction of common lacrimal duct

Yaguang Hu et al.

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA (2020)

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Cutaneous lesions in a patient with COVID-19: are they related?

B. Ahouach et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY (2020)

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Article Dermatology

Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases

C. Galvan Casas et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY (2020)

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Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016

Charlotte James et al.

BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2020)

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SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

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CELL (2020)

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Mohamed L. Elsaie et al.

DERMATOLOGIC THERAPY (2020)

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COVID-19 and herpes zoster co-infection presenting with trigeminal neuropathy

A. C. A. de F. Ferreira et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis

Wei-jie Guan et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2020)

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Co-infections of human herpesviruses (CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7 and EBV) in non-transplant acute leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy

Imene Handous et al.

VIROLOGY JOURNAL (2020)

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Varicella-like exanthem as a specific COVID-19-associated skin manifestation: Multicenter case series of 22 patients

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY (2020)

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