4.5 Review

Spin-orbit torque switching of magnetic tunnel junctions for memory applications

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Ferrimagnetic spintronics

Se Kwon Kim et al.

Summary: Ferrimagnets, composed of multiple antiferromagnetically coupled magnetic elements, offer advantages of both ferromagnets and antiferromagnets, including easy control of magnetization by external field, faster dynamics than ferromagnets, and potential for high-density devices. This Review provides a summary of recent progress in ferrimagnetic spintronics, focusing on functionalities such as spin transport, spin texture dynamics, and all-optical switching.

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Ultrahigh efficient spin orbit torque magnetization switching in fully sputtered topological insulator and ferromagnet multilayers

Tuo Fan et al.

Summary: In this work, ultrahigh efficient and robust SOT magnetization switching is demonstrated in fully sputtered BiSb topological insulator and perpendicularly magnetized Co/Pt multilayers. Despite being fabricated by magnetron sputtering, the BiSb topological insulator shows a large spin Hall angle and high electrical conductivity, proving its potential for ultralow power SOT-MRAM and other SOT-based spintronic devices.

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Oxide spin-orbitronics: spin-charge interconversion and topological spin textures

Felix Trier et al.

Summary: Oxide materials exhibit a wide range of functional properties, where electron correlations and spin-orbit coupling play significant roles. Recent advances in oxide spin-orbitronics have led to the realization of exotic phenomena and new functionalities for spintronics applications. The future prospects for this field involve further exploration of spin-charge interconversion, topological spin textures, and the influence of ferroelectricity on spin-orbit-driven effects.

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Nanosecond ultralow power spin orbit torque magnetization switching driven by BiSb topological insulator

Nguyen Huynh Duy Khang et al.

Summary: Topological insulators (TIs) are potential materials for spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching due to their large spin Hall angle. This study investigated SOT magnetization switching in both thermal activation and fast switching regimes using BiSb topological insulator. The results show differences in zero-Kelvin threshold switching current density for the two regimes, and suggest the potential of BiSb thin film for ultra-low power and fast operation of SOT-based spintronic devices.

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2022)

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Asynchronous current-induced switching of rare-earth and transition-metal sublattices in ferrimagnetic alloys

Giacomo Sala et al.

Summary: This study investigates the asynchronous sublattice magnetization switching in ferrimagnetic alloys and provides insight into the dynamics of ferrimagnets and the design of spintronic devices. The experiment observed distinct switching regimes and a transient ferromagnetic state. The asynchronous switching is attributed to the master-agent dynamics induced by spin-orbit torques and the weak antiferromagnetic coupling, dependent on the alloy microstructure.

NATURE MATERIALS (2022)

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Magnetisation switching dynamics induced by combination of spin transfer torque and spin orbit torque

Andrea Meo et al.

Summary: We present a theoretical investigation of the magnetisation reversal process in CoFeB-based magnetic tunnel junctions. Our results reveal that the combination of spin orbit torque and spin transfer torque can assist in achieving efficient and fast magnetisation reversal on the sub-nanosecond timescale.

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Two-dimensional materials prospects for non-volatile spintronic memories

Hyunsoo Yang et al.

Summary: This article provides an overview of the current developments and challenges in regards to MRAM and outlines the opportunities that can arise by incorporating two-dimensional material technologies. The fundamental properties of atomically smooth interfaces, reduced material intermixing, crystal symmetries, and proximity effects are highlighted as key drivers for possible disruptive improvements in MRAM at advanced technology nodes.

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Giant orbital Hall effect and orbital-to-spin conversion in 3d, 5d, and 4f metallic heterostructures

Giacomo Sala et al.

Summary: The research provides a systematic study on the generation, transmission, and conversion of orbital currents in heterostructures comprising 3d, 5d, and 4f metals. The results show that Cr has a giant orbital Hall conductivity of the order of 5 x 10(5)[(h) over bar /2e] Omega(-1) m(-1), and Pt exhibits a strong orbital Hall effect in addition to the spin Hall effect. The introduction of 4f spacers can significantly modulate the interplay between orbital and spin currents.

PHYSICAL REVIEW RESEARCH (2022)

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Magnetism, symmetry and spin transport in van der Waals layered systems

Hidekazu Kurebayashi et al.

Summary: This review focuses on the spintronic properties of layered materials and emphasizes the importance of optimizing chemical interactions and material symmetries to achieve the best performing material design for spin-orbit torque efficiency.

NATURE REVIEWS PHYSICS (2022)

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Spin-orbit torques: Materials, mechanisms, performances, and potential applications

Cheng Song et al.

Summary: The paper reviews recent progress in spin-orbit torque (SOT) in various materials, emphasizing the intrinsic correlation between heterostructures and SOT behaviors. It covers the mechanisms, classification, characterization techniques, and potential applications of SOT.

PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE (2021)

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Dependency of high-speed write properties on external magnetic field in spin-orbit torque in-plane magnetoresistance devices

Yohei Shiokawa et al.

Summary: This study compares the write properties of two types of SOT-MR devices and measures their external perpendicular magnetic field dependence.

APPLIED PHYSICS EXPRESS (2021)

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Symmetry-dependent field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization

Liang Liu et al.

Summary: An out-of-plane spin-orbit torque (SOT) has been observed in an HM/FM bilayer of CuPt/CoPt, referred to as 3m torque, allowing for field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization of the CoPt layer. The 3m torque depends strongly on the relative orientation of current flow and crystal symmetry, and shows good endurance in cycling experiments. Experiments with various SOT bilayers featuring low-symmetry point groups at the interface may reveal further unconventional spin torques in the future.

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Increased Efficiency of Current-Induced Motion of Chiral Domain Walls by Interface Engineering

Yicheng Guan et al.

Summary: Magnetic racetrack devices are promising candidates for next-generation memories, utilizing spintronic shift-register devices. Efficiency is significantly increased by introducing atomically thin metal dusting layers between the bottom magnetic layer and platinum, with palladium and rhodium dusting layers showing the greatest improvement in domain wall velocity. Interface engineering plays a critical role in the development of efficient racetrack memory devices.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

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Real-time Hall-effect detection of current-induced magnetization dynamics in ferrimagnets

G. Sala et al.

Summary: A new approach for time-resolved measurements of magnetization reversal is presented, showing activation delays in the current-induced switching of GdFeCo, despite high domain-wall velocity. The method is applicable to various current-induced phenomena and can be combined with non-electrical excitations for pump-probe Hall effect measurements.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Electric-field control of field-free spin-orbit torque switching via laterally modulated Rashba effect in Pt/Co/AlOx structures

Min-Gu Kang et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that electric field control of the Rashba effect in Pt/Co/AlOx structures can enable control of the spin-orbit torque and field-free switching of magnetization, providing a new method for electric field modulation of magnetism.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Orbital torque in magnetic bilayers

Dongjoon Lee et al.

Summary: The orbital Hall effect describes the generation of the orbital current flowing in a perpendicular direction to an external electric field, analogous to the spin Hall effect. Through theory and experiment, the presence of the orbital Hall effect in heavy metals and its potential application in spintronic device technology have been confirmed and explored. This finding contributes to the understanding of spin-orbit-coupled phenomena and orbital engineering in material science.

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Engineering of Intrinsic Chiral Torques in Magnetic Thin Films Based on the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction

Zhentao Liu et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that by adjusting the design and structural parameters of the magnetic racetracks, the magnitude of chiral torques can be effectively modified, and also shows that intrinsic torques can propel the spontaneous motion of domain walls even in the absence of external driving forces.

PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED (2021)

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Optimization of Tungsten β-Phase Window for Spin-Orbit-Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory

Kiran Kumar Vudya Sethu et al.

Summary: Switching induced by spin-orbit torque (SOT) is being explored for three-terminal magnetic-tunnel-junction structures, with beta-phase tungsten (beta-W) offering high conversion efficiency, but limited integration feasibility. N and O doping of W extends the beta phase and improves SOT efficiency, showing potential for SOT-MRAM technology integration.

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Advances in Emerging Memory Technologies: From Data Storage to Artificial Intelligence

Gabriel Molas et al.

Summary: This paper provides an overview of the evolution and progress of emerging memory technologies, discusses their potential applications in various markets and products, and explores how the rise of artificial intelligence and bio-inspired circuits impact emerging memory technology.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2021)

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Sub-ns Field-Free Switching in Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junctions by the Interplay of Spin Transfer and Orbit Torques

Wenlong Cai et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates sub-nanosecond field-free switching by the interplay of STT and SOT in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions, showing that applying SOT current can significantly decrease the incubation time and current density of STT for ultra-fast switching.

IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS (2021)

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Experimental Demonstration of NAND-Like Spin-Torque Memory Unit

Kewen Shi et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates a NAND-like spin-torque memory unit with an interplay of STT and SOT, which shows improved energy efficiency and faster speed compared to STT alone. The memory unit exhibits great selectivity and reliability in write operations, showcasing potential for high-density, ultrafast, and energy-efficient memory applications.

IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS (2021)

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Efficient conversion of orbital Hall current to spin current for spin-orbit torque switching

Soogil Lee et al.

Summary: The Spin Hall effect enables efficient control of magnetization, while the recent discovery of the orbital Hall effect reveals the potential for larger orbital current generation. However, a conversion process from orbital current to spin current is necessary to exert torque on a ferromagnet. By introducing rare-earth ferromagnet Gd or a Pt interfacial layer with strong spin-orbit coupling in Cr/ferromagnet structures, the orbital Hall torque can be greatly enhanced, allowing for more efficient magnetization control in spin-orbit-torque-based spintronic devices.

COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICS (2021)

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Controllable field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization through bulk spin-orbit torque in symmetry-broken ferromagnetic films

Xuejie Xie et al.

Summary: Breaking inversion symmetry by introducing a compositional gradient allows for repeatable perpendicular magnetization switching in CoPt alloy films using spin-orbit torque, demonstrating a promising strategy for energy-efficient control of memory and logic devices.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Skyrmion devices for memory and logic applications

Shijiang Luo et al.

Summary: Skyrmions, as topological, particle-like localized structures, have attracted significant attention in physics and materials research since their experimental observation in magnetic materials in 2009. They are regarded as novel information carriers with potential for use in high-density, low-power, and multi-functional spintronic devices. This Perspective provides an overview of the development, structure, and materials of skyrmions, as well as recent progress in skyrmion devices for memory and logic applications, discussing their challenges and prospects.

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Spin-orbit torque characterization in a nutshell

Minh-Hai Nguyen et al.

Summary: Spin current and spin torque generation through spin-orbit interactions in solids, of bulk or interfacial origin, is central to spintronics research. The development of spin-orbit torque (SOT) driven magnetic dynamics and switching in diverse magnetic heterostructures paves the way for novel SOT memory and logic devices. Accurate and efficient SOT quantification techniques are crucial in understanding the role of SOTs in heterostructures.

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Time-resolved measurement of magnetization vectors driven by pulsed spin-orbit torque

Young-Gwan Choi et al.

Summary: The article presents a time-resolved measurement technique for studying the pulsed SOT's effect on magnetization, which is crucial for investigating the underlying mechanisms of SOT.

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2021)

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Roadmap of Spin-Orbit Torques

Qiming Shao et al.

Summary: Spin-orbit torque (SOT) is an emerging technology that allows efficient manipulation of spintronic devices, with interest expanding to various processes beyond electric field manipulation. In the past decade, research has focused on exploring materials for larger SOT efficiency. Recent developments have extended material research to include processes involving phonons, magnons, and heat.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS (2021)

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Field-free spin-orbit torque-induced switching of perpendicular magnetization in a ferrimagnetic layer with a vertical composition gradient

Zhenyi Zheng et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates bias-field-free switching of perpendicular ferrimagnets through the use of vertical composition gradient, which induces intrinsic SOTs and gradient-driven DMI to break in-plane symmetry during the switching process. The research provides a novel strategy for designing efficient and compact SOT devices for perpendicular ferrimagnetic materials.

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Spin orbit torque driven magnetization switching in W/CoFeB/MgO-based type-Y three terminal magnetic tunnel junctions

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Lijun Zhu et al.

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Voltage-Gate-Assisted Spin-Orbit-Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory for High-Density and Low-Power Embedded Applications

Y. C. Wu et al.

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Conversion between spin and charge currents with topological insulators

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PHYSICAL REVIEW B (2016)

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Time-resolved studies of the spin-transfer reversal mechanism in perpendicularly magnetized magnetic tunnel junctions

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Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of Ir/CoFeB/MgO trilayer system tuned by electric fields

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APPLIED PHYSICS EXPRESS (2015)

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New perspectives for Rashba spin-orbit coupling

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NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2015)

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Critical current destabilizing perpendicular magnetization by the spin Hall effect

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PHYSICAL REVIEW B (2015)

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Spin-orbit torque driven chiral magnetization reversal in ultrathin nanostructures

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PHYSICAL REVIEW B (2015)

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Electrical manipulation of ferromagnetic NiFe by antiferromagnetic IrMn

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Anatomy of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction at Co/Pt Interfaces

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PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2015)

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Spin-Based Computing: Device Concepts, Current Status, and a Case Study on a High-Performance Microprocessor

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE (2015)

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Switching of perpendicularly polarized nanomagnets with spin orbit torque without an external magnetic field by engineering a tilted anisotropy

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2015)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Universal chiral-triggered magnetization switching in confined nanodots

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2015)

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Spin-Hall-assisted magnetic random access memory

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2014)

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Ultrafast magnetization switching by spin-orbit torques

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2014)

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Conduction of spin currents through insulating antiferromagnetic oxides

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Dynamics of spin torque switching in all-perpendicular spin valve nanopillars

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JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2014)

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Spin-transfer torque generated by a topological insulator

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NATURE (2014)

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Switching of perpendicular magnetization by spin-orbit torques in the absence of external magnetic fields

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NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2014)

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Measuring and tailoring the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in perpendicularly magnetized thin films

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PHYSICAL REVIEW B (2014)

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Fieldlike and antidamping spin-orbit torques in as-grown and annealed Ta/CoFeB/MgO layers

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PHYSICAL REVIEW B (2014)

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Spin Hall Effects in Metallic Antiferromagnets

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PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2014)

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Spin Pumping and Inverse Spin Hall Effect in Platinum: The Essential Role of Spin-Memory Loss at Metallic Interfaces

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PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2014)

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Chirality-Induced Asymmetric Magnetic Nucleation in Pt/Co/AlOx Ultrathin Microstructures

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PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2014)

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Interface control of the magnetic chirality in CoFeB/MgO heterostructures with heavy-metal underlayers

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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2014)

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Switching of a single ferromagnetic layer driven by spin Hall effect

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2013)

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Current-driven dynamics of chiral ferromagnetic domain walls

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NATURE MATERIALS (2013)

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Symmetry and magnitude of spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic heterostructures

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NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2013)

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NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2013)

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PHYSICAL REVIEW B (2013)

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Current induced torques and interfacial spin-orbit coupling: Semiclassical modeling

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PHYSICAL REVIEW B (2013)

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Magnetization switching of an MgO/Co/Pt layer by in-plane current injection

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2012)

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Spin transfer torque devices utilizing the giant spin Hall effect of tungsten

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2012)

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Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films

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Electric-field-assisted switching in magnetic tunnel junctions

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NATURE MATERIALS (2012)

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NATURE MATERIALS (2012)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Spin-Torque Switching with the Giant Spin Hall Effect of Tantalum

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SCIENCE (2012)

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Effect of subvolume excitation and spin-torque efficiency on magnetic switching

J. Z. Sun et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW B (2011)

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Spin-Torque Ferromagnetic Resonance Induced by the Spin Hall Effect

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PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2011)

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PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES (2011)

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Spin-transfer pulse switching: From the dynamic to the thermally activated regime

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2010)

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A perpendicular-anisotropy CoFeB-MgO magnetic tunnel junction

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NATURE MATERIALS (2010)

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Current-driven spin torque induced by the Rashba effect in a ferromagnetic metal layer

Ioan Mihai Miron et al.

NATURE MATERIALS (2010)

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Tunable Rashba Spin-Orbit Interaction at Oxide Interfaces

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PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2010)

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Large voltage-induced magnetic anisotropy change in a few atomic layers of iron

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NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2009)

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Violation of Anderson's Theorem for the Sign-Reversing s-Wave State of Iron-Pnictide Superconductors

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PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2009)

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Single-shot measurements of spin-transfer switching in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions

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APPLIED PHYSICS EXPRESS (2008)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

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JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2008)

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Time-domain studies of very-large-angle magnetization dynamics excited by spin transfer torques

I. N. Krivorotov et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW B (2008)

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The emergence of spin electronics in data storage

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NATURE MATERIALS (2007)

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Electric field-induced modification of magnetism in thin-film ferromagnets

Martin Weisheit et al.

SCIENCE (2007)

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Giant tunnelling magnetoresistance at room temperature with MgO (100) tunnel barriers

SSP Parkin et al.

NATURE MATERIALS (2004)

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Anatomy of spin-transfer torque

MD Stiles et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW B (2002)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Spin-current interaction with a monodomain magnetic body: A model study

JZ Sun

PHYSICAL REVIEW B (2000)