4.2 Article

Comparing the Cytokine Storms of COVID-19 and Pandemic Influenza

相关参考文献

注意:仅列出部分参考文献,下载原文获取全部文献信息。
Article Immunology

Recognition and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by humoral innate immunity pattern recognition molecules

Matteo Stravalaci et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that selected human humoral fluid-phase pattern recognition molecules can interact with SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19, including PTX3 and MBL, exerting antiviral activity and being associated with disease severity. These findings have important implications for resistance and pathogenesis of COVID-19.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

Editorial Material Critical Care Medicine

Stimulating severe COVID-19: the potential role of GM-CSF antagonism

Helen L. Leavis et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2022)

Article Allergy

COVID-19 Symptoms Are Attenuated in Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis Patients Treated with Dupilumab

Benjamin Ungar et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that targeting Th2 with the IL4Ra-antagonist, dupilumab, could rebalance the Th1/Th2 axis in inflammatory disease patients, potentially leading to attenuated COVID-19 symptoms.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE (2022)

Article Immunology

Anti-IFN-γ therapy alleviates acute lung injury induced by severe influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 infection in mice

Bo Liu et al.

Summary: The study showed that neutralization of IFN-gamma alleviated acute lung injury in BALB/c mice infected with severe influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus, reducing lung microvascular leak and cellular infiltrate, and improving survival rate.

JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION (2021)

Editorial Material Virology

Elevated MUC1 and MUC5AC mucin protein levels in airway mucus of critical ill COVID-19 patients

Wenju Lu et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Allergy

Characterization of the cytokine storm reflects hyperinflammatory endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19

Jonathan T. Sims et al.

Summary: This study investigated circulating biomarkers in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls, revealing a hyperinflammatory environment and markers of vascular endothelial damage in patients. As the disease progresses, there is significant dysregulation of immune response proteins.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 gene (IFITM3) rs12252 C variant is associated with COVID-19

Juan Gomez et al.

Summary: The IFITM3 rs12252 C allele is significantly associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 hospitalization in our Caucasian population, with a higher frequency among patients in the intensive care unit, but the extent of the association is lower than reported in the Chinese population.

CYTOKINE (2021)

Article Genetics & Heredity

Deletion of the NKG2C receptor encoding KLRC2 gene and HLA-E variants are risk factors for severe COVID-19

Hannes Vietzen et al.

Summary: Host genetic variants, particularly KLRC2 deletion and HLA-E*0101, are significantly overrepresented in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, especially those requiring intensive care. These genetic variants are independent risk factors for severe COVID-19.

GENETICS IN MEDICINE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 infects cells after viral entry via clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Armin Bayati et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 uses spike glycoprotein for initial interaction with cell surface and undergoes clathrin-mediated endocytosis, transferring viral RNA to cell cytosol. Knockdown of clathrin heavy chain reduces viral infectivity, highlighting the importance of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in virus infectivity.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Immunology

Inflammasomes are activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with COVID-19 severity in patients

Tamara S. Rodrigues et al.

Summary: The active NLRP3 inflammasome in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with disease severity in COVID-19 patients, with higher levels of IL-18 and Casp1p20 correlating with poor clinical outcomes. These findings suggest that inflammasomes may serve as markers of disease severity and potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2021)

Article Immunology

Early Differences in Cytokine Production by Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019

Lidya Handayani Tjan et al.

Summary: Research has shown that patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 have significantly higher levels of serum cytokines during the acute phase of infection, indicating the key roles of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Review Cell Biology

COVID-19 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4): SARS-CoV-2 May Bind and Activate TLR4 to Increase ACE2 Expression, Facilitating Entry and Causing Hyperinflammation

Mohamed M. Aboudounya et al.

Summary: Mortality in COVID-19 is caused by respiratory failure, heart failure, and sepsis/multiorgan failure. TLR4, an innate immune receptor, recognizes viral proteins and triggers immune responses. SARS-CoV-2 binds to TLR4, potentially leading to inflammation and multi-organ injury.

MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

T cell and antibody responses induced by a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in a phase 1/2 clinical trial

Katie J. Ewer et al.

Summary: A single dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine can induce favorable immune responses that may help control or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 induces robust germinal center CD4 T follicular helper cell responses in rhesus macaques

Yashavanth Shaan Lakshmanappa et al.

Summary: Induction of CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) cells is crucial for antibody responses to viral infections, as shown in a rhesus macaque model of mild COVID-19 where SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in transient accumulation of proliferating Tfh cells with a Th1 profile in peripheral blood and the generation of germinal center Tfh cells specific for viral proteins.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Cytokines and Chemokines in SARS-CoV-2 Infections-Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Cytokine Storm

Alexandra Pum et al.

Summary: The presence and involvement of specific chemokines are crucial for the development and progression of COVID-19, leading to severe respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia with fatal consequences. Cytokine storm and the resulting cytokine release syndrome are pathophysiological hallmarks in severe cases of COVID-19 infections, where chemokines and other cytokines are highly upregulated and cause harmful effects. There are therapeutics in clinical development targeting these factors to potentially treat COVID-19 infections.

BIOMOLECULES (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Waning Immune Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine over 6 Months

Einav G. Levin et al.

Summary: A study in Israel revealed that waning immunity after receiving two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine led to an increase in the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Levels of spike-binding IgG and neutralizing antibodies decreased more significantly in men, individuals aged 65 or older, and immunosuppressed individuals in a longitudinal study involving nearly 4000 healthcare workers.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Immunology

Expression of Surfactant Protein D Distinguishes Severe Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) from Coronavirus Disease 2019

Jose Alberto Choreno-Parra et al.

Summary: Surfactant protein D (SP-D) may help differentiate severe pandemic influenza from COVID-19, with high serum SP-D levels possibly associated with death and renal failure in severe pandemic influenza cases. However, SP-D levels do not distinguish seasonal influenza from COVID-19 in mild-to-moderate disease.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The first association study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IFITM1 gene with influenza H1N1 2009 pandemic virus infection

Yong-Chan Kim et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the association between IFITM1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to pandemic influenza A 2009 H1N1 virus infection. Despite finding 3 novel SNPs, no significant association was observed between IFITM1 SNPs and susceptibility to H1N1 virus infection. Additionally, strong linkage disequilibrium was found between IFITM1 SNPs and IFITM3 SNPs.

MOLECULAR & CELLULAR TOXICOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Efficacy and tolerability of bevacizumab in patients with severe Covid-19

Jiaojiao Pang et al.

Summary: In this single-arm clinical trial, the authors show that treatment of COVID-19 patients with bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drug, can improve PaO2/FiO(2) ratios and oxygen-support status. Relative to an external control group, bevacizumab shows clinical efficacy by improving oxygenation.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Immunology

CXCL17 Is a Specific Diagnostic Biomarker for Severe Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) That Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome

Jose Alberto Choreno-Parra et al.

Summary: The study found that serum levels of CXCL17 were increased only in patients with pandemic influenza A(H1N1), and its expression in lung tissue had specific patterns, while no similar observations were made in COVID-19 and TB patients.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Review Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Causes a Different Cytokine Response Compared to Other Cytokine Storm-Causing Respiratory Viruses in Severely Ill Patients

Marton Olbei et al.

Summary: The hyper-induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, also known as a cytokine storm or CRS, is a key aspect of the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, contributing to mortality in certain COVID-19 patients. By analyzing cytokine responses to various viral infections, it was found that SARS-CoV-2 induces a unique dysregulation in the type-I interferon response compared to other respiratory viruses. This study's findings could potentially aid specialists in identifying interventions to alleviate CRS in various diseases and evaluate their applicability in COVID-19 cases.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Upregulated type I interferon responses in asymptomatic COVID-19 infection are associated with improved clinical outcome

Kiran Iqbal Masood et al.

Summary: Studying the host protective mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to improved treatment for COVID-19. Differences in severity of COVID-19 were associated with changes in antigen presentation, inflammatory pathways, and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Upregulation of ISGs in asymptomatic cases suggests a potential role in controlling early responses against the virus, supporting the hypothesis that early treatment with type I interferons may limit disease progression.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

Article Biology

IFN signaling and neutrophil degranulation transcriptional signatures are induced during SARS-CoV-2 infection

Bruce A. Rosa et al.

Summary: The study discovered that genes associated with Interferon signaling, neutrophil degranulation, and innate immune pathways are induced in the lungs of macaques in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, while genes related to collagen formation and regulation are reduced. Age is identified as a significant risk factor for poor prognosis and increased mortality in COVID-19.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2021)

Review Immunology

Age-related differences in the immune response could contribute to determine the spectrum of severity of COVID-19

Giorgio Costagliola et al.

Summary: COVID-19 presents with a wide spectrum of severity, with differences in immune responses between adult and pediatric patients. Children have a stronger ability to respond to viral infections and a lower baseline pro-inflammatory state, while elderly patients are more susceptible to severe manifestations due to chronic increase of pro-inflammatory mediators leading to immune dysregulation.

IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE (2021)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Host genetic factors determining COVID-19 susceptibility and severity

Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 presents a significant challenge, with disease severity influenced by factors such as age, gender, BMI, and pre-existing conditions. Host genetic predisposition is increasingly recognized, with numerous genetic variants associated with susceptibility and severity of COVID-19.

EBIOMEDICINE (2021)

Article Immunology

TLR2 senses the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines

Min Zheng et al.

Summary: The study revealed that the envelope protein of SARS-CoV-2 is sensed by TLR2, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines, and the severity of the disease is associated with the expression of TLR2 and MYD88. The findings demonstrate the critical role of TLR2 signaling in promoting proinflammatory cytokine production during coronavirus infection, providing new insights for therapeutic strategies against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Tezepelumab in Adults and Adolescents with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma

Andrew Menzies-Gow et al.

Summary: Tezepelumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting thymic stromal lymphopoietin, effectively reduces asthma exacerbations in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma, leading to improved lung function, asthma control, and quality of life.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 in severe COVID-19 induces a TGF-β-dominated chronic immune response that does not target itself

Marta Ferreira-Gomes et al.

Summary: The study found that in severe COVID-19 patients, plasmablasts shift from IFN to TGF-beta instruction to produce IgA antibodies that are not specific to dominant SARS-CoV-2 antigens.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein is dynamic, disordered, and phase separates with RNA

Jasmine Cubuk et al.

Summary: The study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation with RNA, and provides molecular details of N protein through single-molecule spectroscopy with all-atom simulations, showing its multivalent RNA-binding nature and interactions that may drive RNA compaction.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Review Immunology

Neutrophils in COVID-19

Nico Reusch et al.

Summary: Research has found that the immune deviation of neutrophils in COVID-19 patients and promising therapeutic attempts to target them are crucial for understanding and treating the disease.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

Clinical and Immunological Factors That Distinguish COVID-19 From Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)

Jose Alberto Choreno-Parra et al.

Summary: By comparing patients with COVID-19 and pandemic influenza A(H1N1), it was found that influenza patients had more severe respiratory symptoms, while COVID-19 patients more often experienced dry cough and gastrointestinal symptoms. The immune responses also differed between the two diseases, with pandemic influenza A(H1N1) characterized by higher levels of certain cytokines and COVID-19 displaying a distinct immune profile with increased Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

Human Surfactant Protein D Binds Spike Protein and Acts as an Entry Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Pseudotyped Viral Particles

Miao-Hsi Hsieh et al.

Summary: Human SP-D plays a significant role in immune surveillance against pathogens, particularly in protecting against SARS-CoV by recognizing the virus's spike glycoprotein. Studies have demonstrated the ability of SP-D to inhibit viral infection by interacting with specific strains, highlighting its therapeutic potential in combating respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Distinct uptake, amplification, and release of SARS-CoV-2 by M1 and M2 alveolar macrophages

Jiadi Lv et al.

Summary: M1 alveolar macrophages facilitate the spread and replication of SARS-CoV-2, while M2 alveolar macrophages help degrade the virus to combat infection.

CELL DISCOVERY (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

Serum surfactant protein D in COVID-19 is elevated and correlated with disease severity

Ming Tong et al.

Summary: The study indicated that the serum SP-D level in the early stage of COVID-19 was associated with disease severity, suggesting it could be a potential biomarker for identifying patients at risk of worsening condition.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The influence of IFITM3 polymorphisms on susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19

Kristina Schoenfelder et al.

Summary: This study examined the role of SNPs in the IFITM3 gene in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results did not support the idea that these polymorphisms influence the risk or severity of COVID-19. Further research is needed to clarify the potential impact of the rs12252 CC genotype and rs34481144 A-allele on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity.

CYTOKINE (2021)

Article Immunology

Early IFN-α signatures and persistent dysfunction are distinguishing features of NK cells in severe COVID-19

Benjamin Kraemer et al.

Summary: The study revealed differences in IFN-α and TNF responses between severe and moderate COVID-19 cases, with NK cells playing a role in anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity but being functionally impaired in severe patients, and NK cell dysfunction potentially impacting disease outcome in severe COVID-19 patients.

IMMUNITY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Transgenic Chicks Expressing Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein 1 (IFITM1) Restrict Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Viruses

Mohammed A. Rohaim et al.

Summary: This study demonstrated that transgenic chickens expressing chIFITM1 showed 100% protection and significant infection tolerance when challenged with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. While the protection was not complete against a sub-lethal challenge, the transgenic chickens exhibited delayed symptoms, reduced virus shedding, and fewer histopathological alterations compared to non-transgenic chickens. Stable expression of chIFITM1 provides inadequate sterile defense against H5N1 HPAIV, but can substantially improve clinical outcomes.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Immunology

Comprehensive Immunologic Evaluation of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Samples from Human Patients with Moderate and Severe Seasonal Influenza and Severe COVID-19

Daniel Reynolds et al.

Summary: Severe cases of seasonal influenza or SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with an influx of nonclassical monocytes, activated T cells, and plasmablast B cells into the lower airways, along with significantly elevated levels of 28 out of 35 measured cytokines. IP-10 concentration is the only cytokine that correlates between blood and bronchoalveolar lavage during severe infection.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Virology

IFITM Proteins That Restrict the Early Stages of Respiratory Virus Infection Do Not Influence Late-Stage Replication

Tina Meischel et al.

Summary: IFITM proteins can inhibit the early stages of infection by influenza A virus, but not by parainfluenza virus 3. While IFITM proteins exhibit varying degrees of restriction on the early stages of infection for respiratory viruses with different cellular entry pathways, they do not impact the late stages of replication for either virus.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans

Jackson S. Turner et al.

Summary: The study found that individuals who had recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infections showed rapid decline of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies in the first 4 months after infection, followed by a more gradual decrease over the following 7 months but remaining detectable at least 11 months after infection. This suggests that mild infection with SARS-CoV-2 can induce robust antigen-specific, long-lived humoral immune memory in humans.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses

Jackson S. Turner et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce a persistent germinal centre B cell response in humans, leading to the generation of robust humoral immunity, especially more significant in individuals previously infected with the virus.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to induce hyperinflammation

Pan Pan et al.

Summary: This study reveals a unique mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to excessive inflammatory responses. The interaction between N protein and NLRP3 enhances the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by facilitating binding with ASC.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Monocyte-driven atypical cytokine storm and aberrant neutrophil activation as key mediators of COVID-19 disease severity

L. Vanderbeke et al.

Summary: Research indicates that COVID-19 severity is driven by a hyperinflammatory response rather than direct viral damage, with classical monocytes playing a key role in driving the hypercytokinemia. Disease severity correlates with a reduction in T-lymphocytes, particularly affecting CD8+ cells, and neutrophils contribute to tissue damage through amplification of cytokine levels. The findings suggest a myeloid-driven immunopathology in COVID-19.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Critical Care Medicine

BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine and correlates of humoral immune responses and dynamics: a prospective, single-centre, longitudinal cohort study in health-care workers

Yaniv Lustig et al.

Summary: The study assessed early antibody responses after Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in Israeli healthcare workers. Results showed that 77% of participants had positive IgG response at week 3 after the first vaccine dose, with lower responses in older and immunosuppressed individuals. Timely second dose vaccinations are particularly important for these populations to enhance antibody responses and reduce breakthrough infections.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

Article Immunology

Cytokine Signature Associated With Disease Severity in COVID-19

Jing Guo et al.

Summary: This study identified a strong correlation between cytokine levels and disease severity in early-stage COVID-19 patients. Serum cytokines can be used as warning indicators for the progression and severity of COVID-19. Analysis of cytokines could predict the severity and progression of COVID-19.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Oncology

A Multicenter Analysis of the Outcome of Cancer Patients with Neutropenia and COVID-19 Optionally Treated with Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF): A Comparative Analysis

Maria Sereno et al.

Summary: In this study, it was found that the use of G-CSF treatment in neutropenic cancer patients infected with COVID-19 may lead to poor outcomes. The number of days on G-CSF treatment was associated with a higher risk of mortality in these patients.

CANCERS (2021)

Article Microbiology

TLR3 and TLR7 RNA Sensor Activation during SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Daria Bortolotti et al.

Summary: (3) Our study demonstrated that both TLR3 and TLR7 play a role in regulating innate immunity during lung SARS-CoV-2 infection. Activation of TLRs led to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons, indicating their potential as targets for early-stage infection control.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical Risk Factors for Mortality Among Critically Ill Mexican Patients With COVID-19

Carmen M. Hernandez-Cardenas et al.

Summary: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and mortality risk factors in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients from Mexico, identifying specific factors associated with mortality.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Adaptation of influenza viruses to human airway receptors

Andrew J. Thompson et al.

Summary: Influenza A viruses pose a significant threat to human health as the leading cause of severe respiratory disease, with history showing that all human IAV pandemics originated from avian viruses. The emergence of novel strains with enhanced zoonotic potential from avian reservoirs raises concern for future pandemics. Avian influenza viruses have a natural barrier for transmission to humans due to differences in receptor-binding protein specificity, requiring adaptive mutations for successful infection.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Review Physiology

Spatio-temporal profile of innate inflammatory cells and mediators during influenza virus infection

Irene Latino et al.

Summary: Influenza virus is a global health concern, with treatment remaining elusive. The initial antiviral response involves cytokine secretion, with inflammation having a dual effect on the infection outcome.

CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Review Physiology

Mucin signature as a potential tool to predict susceptibility to COVID-19

Mukulika Bose et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on global health and economy. Studying mucins and their connection to pathogenicity may lead to the development of a biomarker for predicting susceptibility, progression, and therapy response in COVID-19 patients.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REPORTS (2021)

Review Immunology

Genetic influences on viral-induced cytokine responses in the lung

Jessica L. Forbester et al.

Summary: Host genetic variation may influence cytokine responses to respiratory viral infections, potentially impacting disease severity.

MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Review Hematology

Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Toshiaki Iba et al.

SEMINARS IN THROMBOSIS AND HEMOSTASIS (2020)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

Chaolin Huang et al.

LANCET (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China

Fan Wu et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

Peng Zhou et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

Na Zhu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Alexandra C. Walls et al.

Editorial Material Immunology

Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients

Meijuan Zheng et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Comparison of Hospitalized Patients With ARDS Caused by COVID-19 and H1N1

Xiao Tang et al.

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The protective and pathogenic roles of CXCL17 in human health and disease: Potential in respiratory medicine

Jose Alberto Choreno-Parra et al.

CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS (2020)

Editorial Material Respiratory System

Abnormal pulmonary function in COVID-19 patients at time of hospital discharge

Xiaoneng Mo et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2020)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019

Guang Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Enhanced isolation of SARS-CoV-2 by TMPRSS2-expressing cells

Shutoku Matsuyama et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

Editorial Material Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

COVID-19-associated Acute Hemorrhagic Necrotizing Encephalopathy: Imaging Features

Neo Poyiadji et al.

RADIOLOGY (2020)

Article Immunology

Impaired Cellular Immune Responses During the First Week of Severe Acute Influenza Infection

Jackson S. Turner et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

Article Immunology

Characteristics of Peripheral Lymphocyte Subset Alteration in COVID-19 Pneumonia

Fan Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

Letter Dermatology

SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic infection in a patient under treatment with dupilumab

F. Caroppo et al.

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY (2020)

Letter Dermatology

Safety of dupilumab in severe atopic dermatitis and infection of Covid-19: two case reports

S. Ferrucci et al.

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY (2020)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression

Puja Mehta et al.

LANCET (2020)

Review Immunology

Seasonal and pandemic influenza: 100 years of progress, still much to learn

Jake Dunning et al.

MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19

Mingfeng Liao et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Emapalumab in Children with Primary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

F. Locatelli et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Antiviral activities of type I interferons to SARS-CoV-2 infection

Emily Mantlo et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2020)

Article Infectious Diseases

Clinical value of immune-inflammatory parameters to assess the severity of coronavirus disease 2019

Zhe Zhu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Severe immunosuppression and not a cytokine storm characterizes COVID-19 infections

Kenneth E. Remy et al.

JCI INSIGHT (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Loss of Bcl-6-Expressing T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Centers in COVID-19

Naoki Kaneko et al.

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19

Carolina Lucas et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19

Aaron J. Wilk et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Human germinal centres engage memory and naive B cells after influenza vaccination

Jackson S. Turner et al.

NATURE (2020)

Article Immunology

Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity

Christopher Maucourant et al.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

Review Immunology

Cytokine storm, not only in COVID-19 patients. Mini-review

Norbert Lukan

IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS (2020)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Cytokine Storm

David C. Fajgenbaum et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission

Hannah Peckham et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells

Ke Wang et al.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2020)

Letter Critical Care Medicine

Eosinophilia in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a French monocenter retrospective study

Megan Fraisse et al.

CRITICAL CARE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

IL-4/IL-13 remodeling pathway of COVID-19 lung injury

Caroline Busatta Vaz de Paula et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 evades immune detection in alveolar macrophages

Louise Dalskov et al.

EMBO REPORTS (2020)

Letter Critical Care Medicine

VEGF-D: a novel biomarker for detection of COVID-19 progression

Yaxian Kong et al.

CRITICAL CARE (2020)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Epidemiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation in sepsis and validation of scoring systems

Shinjiro Saito et al.

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL CARE (2019)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Mucus and mucins in diseases of the intestinal and respiratory tracts

G. C. Hansson

JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2019)

Review Virology

Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge

Dewald Schoeman et al.

VIROLOGY JOURNAL (2019)

Review Immunology

Tocilizumab for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor T cell-induced cytokine release syndrome

Chelsea Kotch et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

Review Immunology

Impact of Obesity on Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Evolution

Rebekah Honce et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

Review Immunology

The Pivotal Role of Regulatory T Cells in the Regulation of Innate Immune Cells

Emeka B. Okeke et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

Review Pathology

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Hanny Al-Samkari et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY: MECHANISMS OF DISEASE, VOL 13 (2018)

Article Immunology

Defective RNA sensing by RIG-I in severe influenza virus infection

S. E. Jorgensen et al.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

Review Immunology

Unique Action of Interleukin-18 on T Cells and Other immune Cells

Kenji Nakanishi

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Influenza

Florian Krammer et al.

NATURE REVIEWS DISEASE PRIMERS (2018)

Review Immunology

Th9 and other IL-9-producing cells in allergic asthma

Sonja Koch et al.

SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY (2017)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Platelets and Multi-Organ Failure in Sepsis

Elisabetta Greco et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2017)

Review Cell Biology

Neutrophil dysregulation during sepsis: an overview and update

Xiao-Fei Shen et al.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2017)

Article Immunology

The cell surface mucin MUC1 limits the severity of influenza A virus infection

J. L. McAuley et al.

MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY (2017)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

From bench to bedside: Therapeutic potential of interleukin-9 in the treatment of asthma

Fang Gong et al.

EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE (2017)

Review Immunology

A Role for Neutrophils in Viral Respiratory Disease

Jeremy V. Camp et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2017)

Article Immunology

Cytokine Profiles of Severe Influenza Virus-Related Complications in Children

Andrew Fiore-Gartland et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2017)

Review Immunology

The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy

Qiang Liu et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

Review Microbiology

The Interaction between Respiratory Pathogens and Mucus

Mark Zanin et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2016)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)

Mervyn Singer et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2016)

Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Influenza

Sam Ghebrehewet et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2016)

Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Influenza

Sam Ghebrehewet et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2016)

Review Virology

Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins

Fang Li

ANNUAL REVIEW OF VIROLOGY, VOL 3 (2016)

Review Immunology

Viral RNA detection by RIG-I-like receptors

Mitsutoshi Yoneyama et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN IMMUNOLOGY (2015)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Targeting glycosaminoglycans in the lung by an engineered CXCL8 as a novel therapeutic approach to lung inflammation

Tiziana Adage et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2015)

Article Respiratory System

Influenza virus-induced lung injury: pathogenesis and implications for treatment

Susanne Herold et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2015)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cytokine Profile in Severe Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Abdominal Sepsis

Maja Surbatovic et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2015)

Review Respiratory System

The Role of Surfactant in Lung Disease and Host Defense against Pulmonary Infections

SeungHye Han et al.

ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY (2015)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Muc5b is required for airway defence

Michelle G. Roy et al.

NATURE (2014)

Review Critical Care Medicine

NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS IN SEPSIS

Gabriela Camicia et al.

Article Critical Care Medicine

CXCL10-CXCR3 Enhances the Development of Neutrophil-mediated Fulminant Lung Injury of Viral and Nonviral Origin

Akihiko Ichikawa et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2013)

Review Immunology

Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity

Bernd Engelmann et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2013)

Review Cell Biology

Mechanisms of sex disparities in influenza pathogenesis

Sabra L. Klein et al.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2012)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza

Aaron R. Everitt et al.

NATURE (2012)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Interleukin-6 Is a Potential Biomarker for Severe Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Infection

Stephane G. Paquette et al.

PLOS ONE (2012)

Article Immunology

Multiplex cytokine profiling in patients with sepsis

Simona Mera et al.

Article Anesthesiology

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis

H. F. Galley

BRITISH JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA (2011)

Article Immunology

Estimating the Burden of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009-April 2010)

Sundar S. Shrestha et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2011)

Review Cell Biology

CXCR3 ligands: redundant, collaborative and antagonistic functions

Joanna R. Groom et al.

IMMUNOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY (2011)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Immunosuppression in Patients Who Die of Sepsis and Multiple Organ Failure

Jonathan S. Boomer et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2011)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Acetylcholine-Synthesizing T Cells Relay Neural Signals in a Vagus Nerve Circuit

Mauricio Rosas-Ballina et al.

SCIENCE (2011)

Article Cell Biology

Broken Barriers: A New Take on Sepsis Pathogenesis

Neil M. Goldenberg et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2011)

Article Infectious Diseases

Cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and serum in 3 patients with 2009 Influenza A(H1N1)v severe pneumonia

Angel Estella

JOURNAL OF INFECTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (2011)

Article Nursing

The Evolution of the Understanding of Sepsis, Infection, and the Host Response: A Brief History

Steven M. Opal

CRITICAL CARE NURSING CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2011)

Review Critical Care Medicine

Microcirculatory alterations: potential mechanisms and implications for therapy

Daniel De Backer et al.

ANNALS OF INTENSIVE CARE (2011)

Article Immunology

Tissue-based class control: the other side of tolerance

Polly Matzinger et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2011)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Critical care management of patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Sophie Buyse et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2010)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury

Qin Zhang et al.

NATURE (2010)

Article Immunology

Influenza virus activates inflammasomes via its intracellular M2 ion channel

Takeshi Ichinohe et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2010)

Article Anesthesiology

Macroscopic Postmortem Findings in 235 Surgical Intensive Care Patients with Sepsis

Christian Torgersen et al.

ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA (2009)

Review Immunology

IL-17 and Th17 Cells

Thomas Korn et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY (2009)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Innate instruction of adaptive immunity revisited: the inflammasome

Stephanie C. Eisenbarth et al.

EMBO MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2009)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Pneumonia and Respiratory Failure from Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico

Rogelio Perez-Padilla et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2009)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Emergence of a Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Humans Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Investigation Team

Fatimah S. Dawood et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2009)

Review Immunology

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system

Dmitry I. Gabrilovich et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2009)

Review Critical Care Medicine

The endothelium in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

Nikolaos A. Maniatis et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN CRITICAL CARE (2008)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Cytomegalovirus reactivation in critically ill immunocompetent patients

Ajit P. Limaye et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2008)

Article Immunology

CD8 T cells utilize TRAIL to control influenza virus infection

Erik L. Brincks et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2008)

Article Cell Biology

Inflammation, endothelium, and coagulation in sepsis

Marcel Schouten et al.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2008)

Article Anesthesiology

Cytokines, Inflammation, and Pain

Jun-Ming Zhang et al.

INTERNATIONAL ANESTHESIOLOGY CLINICS (2007)

Review Physiology

Matrix metalloproteinases in lung: Multiple, multifarious, and multifaceted

Kendra J. Greenlee et al.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2007)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

How corticosteroids control inflammation: Quintiles prize lecture 2005

Peter J. Barnes

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2006)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia

Menno D. de Jong et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2006)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Mechanisms and pathophysiological implications of sinusoidal endothelial cell gap formation following treatment with galactosamine/endotoxin in mice

Yoshiya Ito et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY (2006)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Recognition of single-stranded RNA viruses by Toll-like receptor 7

JM Lund et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2004)

Review Immunology

Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses

A Iwasaki et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2004)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

The immunopathogenesis of sepsis

J Cohen

NATURE (2002)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Macrophage inflammatory protein-1

P Menten et al.

CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS (2002)

Article Immunology

Depletion of dendritic cells, but not macrophages, in patients with sepsis

RS Hotchkiss et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2002)

Review Immunology

Decoy receptors: a strategy to regulate inflammatory cytokines and chemokines

A Mantovani et al.

TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2001)