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Article
Microbiology
Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: Characterizing the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an individual with advanced HIV disease in South Africa, this study found that the evolved virus showed immune escape of vaccines and enhanced escape of Delta immunity. This suggests that immune-compromised hosts may play a significant role in the evolution of the virus.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Nils Jedicke et al.
Summary: The study assessed the humoral immune response in PLHIV after mRNA vaccination against COVID-19, showing robust immune responses in the majority of PLWH receiving antiretroviral therapy, regardless of their CD4 cell nadir, current CD4 count, or CD4:CD8 ratio.
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: The study found that the Omicron variant has reduced neutralizing effectiveness in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2, but those who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed better neutralization against Omicron.
Article
Cell Biology
Catherine Riou et al.
Summary: This study evaluated neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in patients infected with the Beta variant and those infected before its emergence. It found that CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to Beta were preserved overall, despite loss of recognition of immunogenic CD4 epitopes.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Allison Greaney et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 variants can elicit polyclonal antibodies with different immunodominance hierarchies. The antibodies elicited by infection with B.1.351 variant are more focused on the class 3 epitope, which is mutated in the Delta variant. Prior infection and vaccination histories may partially determine individuals' susceptibilities to viral mutants in new variants.
Article
Immunology
Jumari Snyman et al.
Summary: This study in Durban, South Africa, found similar antibody responses and neutralization potency against SARS-CoV-2 in people living with HIV and those without HIV, indicating that natural COVID-19 infections may confer comparable antibody immunity in these groups.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Juliet R. C. Pulliam et al.
Summary: This study provides two methods for monitoring reinfection trends in routine surveillance data. The results suggest immune evasion by the Omicron variant in previously infected individuals in South Africa, and there has been an increase in the risk of having a third infection since mid-November 2021.
Article
Microbiology
Andrew D. Redd et al.
Summary: This study found that the newly identified Omicron variant of concern contains only one mutation in a low-prevalence epitope targeted by CD8(+) T cells, suggesting that the T-cell immune response in previously infected and vaccinated individuals should still be effective against Omicron.
Article
Immunology
Andrew Boulle et al.
Summary: In South Africa, living with HIV and having current tuberculosis were independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality. These findings highlight the impact of these two diseases on COVID-19 risk and demonstrate the associations between age, sex, and other comorbidities with COVID-19 mortality.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Severe cases of COVID-19 show increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high antibody levels. High neutralization potency is a predictor of survival. Patient sera can neutralize different strains, indicating cross-protection from reinfection.
Article
Microbiology
Gabriele Cerutti et al.
Summary: Structural analysis revealed that seven potent NTD-directed neutralizing antibodies target a common surface on NTD, forming a single supersite different from the recognition pattern of RBD-directed antibodies.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Houriiyah Tegally et al.
Summary: The article describes a newly emerged lineage of SARS-CoV-2, 501Y.V2, characterized by eight mutations in the spike protein, which may result in increased transmissibility or immune escape. This lineage originated in South Africa and quickly became dominant in Eastern Cape, Western Cape, and KwaZuluNatal provinces within weeks.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Steven A. Kemp et al.
Summary: Chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to viral evolution and increased resistance to neutralizing antibodies in immunosuppressed individuals treated with convalescent plasma. During convalescent plasma therapy, there were significant shifts in the viral population structure and sensitivity, suggesting strong selection pressure on the virus during treatment.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Constantinos Kurt Wibmer et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus in the B.1.351 variant discovered in South Africa can evade neutralization by most antibodies when expressed, but does not affect binding by convalescent plasma. This suggests the potential for reinfection with antigenically distinct variants and predicts reduced efficacy of spike-based vaccines.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Aljawharah Alrubayyi et al.
Summary: The majority of people living with HIV on ART have detectable adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, with comparable humoral and T cell responses to HIV-negative subjects. T cell responses against Spike, Membrane and Nucleoprotein are prominent in both groups, with CD4 T cells outnumbering CD8 T cells. The magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses is related to the size of the naive CD4 T cell pool and the CD4:CD8 ratio in people living with HIV, potentially impacting vaccine effectiveness and individual management.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Jienchi Dorward et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa led to a significant decrease in HIV testing and ART initiations, but ART provision was generally maintained. As restrictions eased, HIV testing and ART initiations gradually improved towards pre-lockdown levels.
Article
Biology
Farina Karim et al.
Summary: Conflicting reports exist on the effects of HIV on COVID-19. In this study, it was found that participants living with HIV had more severe outcomes during the second wave of infection, with lower CD4 T cell counts and higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios associated with disease severity. Conversely, in the first wave, HIV seemed to modulate SARS-CoV-2 immune responses to a similar degree in both HIV negative and positive individuals.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: The study compared the neutralization of non-VOC and 501Y.V2 VOC variants using plasma from COVID-19 patients in South Africa. It found that plasma from individuals infected during the first wave effectively neutralized the first-wave virus variant, while plasma from those infected in the second wave effectively neutralized the 501Y.V2 variant.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
David S. Khoury et al.
Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Immunology
Juan Ambrosioni et al.
Article
Immunology
Matthew Spinelli et al.
Summary: This study compared the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate, disease severity, and immune response between people living with HIV and those without HIV. The findings showed that although fewer infections were detected among people with HIV, they had more severe cases of COVID-19. Lower IgG concentrations and neutralising antibody titres in HIV-positive individuals suggest a diminished immune response to the infection.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chang Liu et al.
Summary: Recent study examined the neutralizing ability of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent and vaccine sera against the Indian variants B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.2, showing that the neutralization of these variants is reduced compared to the ancestral strains, without widespread antibody escape as seen in other variants like B.1.351.
Article
Immunology
John Frater et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine is safe and immunogenic in people with HIV, with no serious adverse events reported. Local and systemic reactions were similar to those in HIV-negative participants, and antibody and cellular immune responses in HIV-infected individuals showed similar levels to those in uninfected individuals.
Article
Immunology
Shabir A. Madhi et al.
Summary: This study aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in people with HIV and HIV-negative individuals. The vaccine showed favorable safety and immunogenicity in people with HIV, including heightened immunogenicity in SARS-CoV-2 baseline-seropositive participants.
Article
Immunology
Emma Touizer et al.
Letter
Immunology
Seth A. Hoffman et al.
Summary: The study reveals that patients with HIV/AIDS may carry variants of SARS-CoV-2 that are resistant to neutralization, highlighting the importance of monitoring infections in immunocompromised individuals.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Catherine Riou et al.
Summary: This study found that the attributes of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4(+) T cells were associated with the severity of COVID-19, with severe cases showing poor polyfunctional potential, reduced proliferation capacity, and enhanced HLA-DR expression. HIV-1 and TB coinfection can alter the SARS-CoV-2 T cell response, with HIV-1 causing CD4(+) T cell depletion and active TB leading to decreased polyfunctional capacity of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4(+) T cells in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, COVID-19 patients displayed a reduced frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4(+) T cells, which may affect TB disease progression.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Chee Wah Tan et al.
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2020)
