Exploration of Pull-Push Effect for Novel Photovoltaic Dyes with A-π-D Design: A DFT/TD-DFT Investigation

The pi-rich versus pi-poor units in 4,6-di(thiophen-2- yl)pyrimidine ( DTB) alternating the p-backbone of solar cells dyes have been extended with a push-pull technique to lower their HOMO-LUMO energy gap and to increase Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT). Density functional theory was used to optimize the ground state molecular geometries of newly designed dyes (DTB1-DTB6). Time Dependent DFT (TD-DFT) was used to simulate the Uv-vis spectral values at the maximum absorbance values ranging between 481-535 nm. These values were red shifted from DTB value of experimental (333 nm) and theoretical (346 nm). however, their computed absorbance and fluorescence spectra revealed a bathochromic shift of them upon an increasing the solvent polarity. Different DFT functionals such as (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, B97XD, and APFD) were employed to choose their proper use Uv-visible analysis to reveal an unexpected coherence at the B3LYP level with experimental values. As a result, the B3LYP with most diffused basis sets of 6-31G + (d,p) were used for further calculations. The parameters of Global Chemical reactivities revealed that all the dyes had a softer nature with their softness value range of 0.27-0.41. their Ionization Potentials (IP) ranged between 6.21-8.10 eV to comply that the new dyes had good electron donating potentials. With a good electron injection potential of -1.47-1.74 eV, aluminum can be the best electrode, while Au is excellent towards a hole injection operation which had the potential range of 1.79-3.68 eV. For Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) assessment, (N14)LP ->(F16-F28)pi* with stabilization energy of 42.55 kcal/mol was noted for DTB4. Their Second order hyperpolarizability beta(tot) values as their Nonlinear Optical (NLO) response ranged between 59.16-232.11 debye-angstrom(-1) which were almost 6 times higher than the reference DTB (8.47D). The NLO attributes has also shown that a dyes with its small bandgap was related with higher hyperpolarizability values. Because of the decreased reorganization frequencies, newly discovered derivatives with electron transfer qualities might be comparable to or equivalent to those of commonly used electron transmission materials.

Automated summary

This study investigated the molecular structures and spectral properties of newly designed dyes using density functional theory and time dependent DFT, revealing a red shift phenomenon with increasing solvent polarity. In UV-visible spectral analysis, the B3LYP functional and 6-31G + (d, p) basis set showed unexpected coherence with experimental values.