4.7 Review

Extracellular Vesicles-Oral Therapeutics of the Future

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Dietary bovine milk miRNAs transported in extracellular vesicles are partially stable during GI digestion, are bioavailable and reach target tissues but need a minimum dose to impact on gene expression

Maria-Carmen Lopez Hazas et al.

Summary: Extracellular RNAs are unstable and can be degraded, but milk EVs protect and promote the uptake of miRNAs. However, the concentration of miRNAs in EVs may not be sufficient for gene modulation, although orally delivered EV-loaded miRNAs can reach tissues in vivo, potentially exerting biological effects. Further research is warranted for potential implications in nutrition and health.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Nanocarriers

Theodora Karamanidou et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the progress in the use of plant-derived extracellular vesicles as therapeutic delivery systems. Despite some controversies, plant-derived EVs show significant potential as nanodelivery systems of natural origin.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Liraglutide-Loaded Milk Exosomes Lower Blood Glucose When Given by Sublingual Route

Mingzhi Xu et al.

Summary: Bovine milk contains mEVs, which can serve as an orally bioavailable drug delivery vehicle. Sublingual administration of mEVs was found to result in systemic uptake, whereas gavage administration showed lower absorption levels. Furthermore, mEVs loaded with an antidiabetic drug demonstrated efficacy in reducing blood glucose levels when given sublingually but not via gavage.

CHEMMEDCHEM (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Extracellular vesicles-mediated interaction within intestinal microenvironment in inflammatory bowel disease

Qichen Shen et al.

Summary: This review discusses the modulatory functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the intestine, with a focus on their roles and applications in the clinical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). By establishing EV-mediated interaction systems between host intestine and microbiota, the possible mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis and its cure are described.

JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Integrins Control Vesicular Trafficking; New Tricks for Old Dogs

Martijn A. Nolte et al.

Summary: Integrins, transmembrane receptors promoting cell adhesion and migration, play a crucial role in regulating endocytosis and exocytosis across a variety of cell types by interacting with intracellular trafficking machinery. Recent insights have shown integrins' involvement in processes like degranulation, mechanotransduction, cell-cell communication, antibody production, virus entry, and Toll-like receptor signaling.

TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Oral nanomedicine for modulating immunity, intestinal barrier functions, and gut microbiome

Yonghyun Lee et al.

Summary: The gastrointestinal tract plays a crucial role in both local and systemic diseases, influenced by factors like the mucosal immune system, intestinal barrier, and gut microbiota. Selective drug delivery for oral vaccines, immune tolerance, and inflammatory diseases faces challenges due to the physiological and biological barriers of the GIT. Advances in oral nanomedicine offer potential solutions for overcoming these barriers and effectively targeting treatments to the GIT.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Scaled preparation of extracellular vesicles from conditioned media

Simon Staubach et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially those from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), are being increasingly explored as biotherapeutic agents for various diseases. To translate them effectively into clinical applications, scalable production processes that comply with good manufacturing practice (GMP) are necessary. The scalability of conventional EV preparation methods poses a major challenge in the therapeutic EV field, requiring the identification of appropriate concentration and purification methods for scale-up. Adopting principles from enveloped viruses, which have been used in clinics for over two decades, can provide valuable insights for EV manufacturing.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Bovine Milk-Derived Exosomes as a Drug Delivery Vehicle for miRNA-Based Therapy

Lorena del Pozo-Acebo et al.

Summary: miRNAs are potential mediators of gene expression in therapeutic strategies, but the instability of extracellular RNAs limits their biological function. Strategies to enhance miRNA therapeutic potential include developing efficient, tissue-specific delivery methods using exosomes. However, a standard, reproducible, and cost-effective protocol for exosome isolation and extracellular RNA delivery is currently lacking.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

The bioactivity of colostrum and milk exosomes of high, average, and low immune responder cows on human intestinal epithelial cells

Mikayla Ross et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the functional role of bovine milk exosomes compared with colostrum exosomes from high, average, and low immune responders using Caco-2 cells. The results showed that milk exosomes maintain cell metabolic activity and are not cytotoxic, with significantly greater metabolic activity observed with exosomes from high responder cows. Additionally, milk exosomes were found to have lower caspase 3 activity compared to colostrum exosomes, particularly those from low responders.

JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Casein-enhanced uptake and disease-modifying bioactivity of ingested extracellular vesicles

Mark A. Aminzadeh et al.

Summary: This study found that administering heart-derived EVs orally, combined with casein, can exert beneficial bioactivity in vivo by improving muscle function in mice with muscular dystrophy. This approach enhances uptake and significantly expands the potential therapeutic applications, making it a viable treatment strategy.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2021)

Review Engineering, Biomedical

Extracellular vesicles: A bright star of nanomedicine

Peipei Wu et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles play a crucial role in disease treatment and diagnosis, with engineered design enhancing their therapeutic capability and diagnostic imaging potential.

BIOMATERIALS (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Eating microRNAs: pharmacological opportunities for cross-kingdom regulation and implications in host gene and gut microbiota modulation

Lorena del Pozo-Acebo et al.

Summary: Cross-kingdom communication through non-coding RNAs, particularly exogenous miRNAs ingested through diet, has risen as a novel discovery. These miRNAs, considered unstable in the gastrointestinal tract, may resist conditions and exert regulatory effects after being transported in extracellular vesicles. Despite challenges, extracellular miRNAs show promise as potential therapeutic agents for future pharmacological development.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Cell-to-Cell Communication by Host-Released Extracellular Vesicles in the Gut: Implications in Health and Disease

Natalia Diaz-Garrido et al.

Summary: Cell-cell communication is crucial for maintaining body homeostasis and health, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a significant role in mediating this communication by transferring bioactive molecules between cells. The specific functions of EVs depend on their cargo, which can be influenced by genetic, pathological, and environmental factors. EVs released by cells in the gut have a significant impact on intestinal homeostasis, influencing epithelial barrier integrity, wound healing, immunity, and microbiota shaping.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Acerola exosome-like nanovesicles to systemically deliver nucleic acid medicine via oral administration

Tomohiro Umezu et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles derived from mammalian cells have potential as carriers for drug delivery systems, but there are still challenges to be overcome for clinical applications. In this study, acerola exosome-like nanoparticles were explored for orally administered nucleic acid drug delivery, showing successful encapsulation of miRNA and downregulation of target genes. Oral delivery of AELNs was effective in transferring small RNA to the digestive system, with peak gene-suppressing effects observed in the small intestine and liver 1 day post-administration.

MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT (2021)

Article Food Science & Technology

The neglected nutrigenomics of milk: What is the role of inter-species transfer of small non-coding RNA?

Laura Bordoni et al.

Summary: Milk contains sncRNA protected by extracellular vesicles that may be absorbed in the human gut. These molecules could potentially have various applications in human nutrition, such as modulating sncRNA milk profile and serving as biomarkers.

FOOD BIOSCIENCE (2021)

Review Cell Biology

An Update on the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Rafal Filip

Summary: The microbial population in the human intestinal tract has significant impacts on infant development and the maturity of the gut immune system. Bacteria influence the host gut immune system through the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can vary in content, size, and bacterial species origin, impacting intestinal cells and potentially leading to inflammation or pathogen entry into the gut wall. Additionally, maternal milk EVs may play a role in maintaining the integrity of the gut barrier in mammals. The use of EVs has also been explored as a novel therapeutic approach in conditions such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Bovine milk extracellular vesicles induce the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and promote osteogenesis in rats

Gyeongyun Go et al.

Summary: This study demonstrated that milk EVs promoted the proliferation and differentiation of human osteogenic Saos-2 cells. Furthermore, milk EVs also stimulated longitudinal bone growth and increased bone mineral density, suggesting their potential as a safe and powerful applicant for enhancing osteogenesis.

JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Increasing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Extracellular Vesicles From the Antigen-Specific Antibody and Light Chain Perspective

Katarzyna Nazimek et al.

Summary: EVs as a therapeutic approach face challenges in terms of clearance and distribution, but recent research suggests that utilizing antigen-specific antibodies and light chains can enhance their efficacy and targeting capability.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Latest Trend of Milk Derived Exosomes: Cargos, Functions, and Applications

Xin Feng et al.

Summary: This paper reviews the isolation and identification, cargos, functions of milk derived exosomes (MDEs), focusing mainly on their roles in the intestinal tract and immune system. The potential applications of MDEs as drug carriers and disease biomarkers are also discussed. Challenges and future directions for MDEs research are considered.

FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Gut Microbe-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles: A Potential Platform to Control Cecal Load of Campylobacter jejuni

Ankita Singh et al.

Summary: Acute diarrheal illness and gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni infection are significant public health risks, especially in children under five in developing countries. Limited genetic diversity among Campylobacter jejuni and understanding of host immunity are obstacles to developing effective measures to control infection. Utilizing bacterial outer-membrane vesicles as vaccine targets shows promise in inducing specific immune responses against Campylobacter jejuni.

ACS INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular Vesicles from Plants: Current Knowledge and Open Questions

Ornella Urzi et al.

Summary: The scientific interest in natural substances and extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by animal and plant cells is longstanding. Currently, research on plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) in terms of content isolation, biological properties, and drug delivery systems is gaining momentum.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Oral administration of bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles induces senescence in the primary tumor but accelerates cancer metastasis

Monisha Samuel et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that extracellular vesicles from milk can be absorbed in mice and detected in multiple organs. Orally administered milk-derived extracellular vesicles have a context specific role in promoting or suppressing primary tumor growth and metastasis in mouse models.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Gut Microbiota and Attenuate Inflammatory in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice

Lingjun Tong et al.

Summary: Probiotic LGG-EVs show potential in attenuating colitis by inhibiting the TLR4-NF-kappa B-NLRP3 signaling pathway, reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reshaping gut microbiota. These findings suggest a promising therapeutic approach for colitis using oral gavage of LGG-EVs.

NUTRIENTS (2021)

Review Immunology

Flood Control: How Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Can Help to Improve the Intestinal Barrier Function and Break the Gut-Joint Axis in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Joyce Aarts et al.

Summary: Studies have shown that milk-derived EVs have anti-inflammatory effects and play a role in immune modulation by regulating the interaction between gut microbiota and host health. Milk-derived EVs have the potential to be used as a therapy for inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Review Cell Biology

Biodistribution of extracellular vesicles following administration into animals: A systematic review

Matthew Kang et al.

Summary: The biodistribution of EVs in recipient animals is time-dependent, with small-EVs mostly abundant in the liver and large-EVs primarily present in the lungs. Detection peaked in the liver and kidneys within the first hour, while distribution to the lungs and spleen peaked between 2-12 hours. Standardized guidelines are recommended to reduce variability in methodology in future EV biodistribution studies.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2021)

Review Cell Biology

Biological Properties of Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Physiological Functions in Infant

Xue Jiang et al.

Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells carry various biomolecules, with a focus on miRNAs in milk-derived EVs. These miRNAs play a regulatory role and have physiological effects on growth and development in both infants and adults. Research on milk-derived EVs is increasing, providing new insights into their potential applications.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Antibodies Enhance the Suppressive Activity of Extracellular Vesicles in Mouse Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity

Katarzyna Nazimek et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that suppressor T cell-derived EVs carrying miRNA-150 can antigen-specifically downregulate mouse delayed-type hypersensitivity. Pre-incubation with antigen-specific antibodies enhances the inhibitory effect of macrophage-released EVs on effector T cells. The specific binding of EVs to MHC class II-expressing EVs promotes their aggregation and significantly increases their suppressive activity in vivo, potentially offering therapeutic benefits.

PHARMACEUTICALS (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Porcine milk exosome miRNAs protect intestinal epithelial cells against deoxynivalenol-induced damage

Mei-Ying Xie et al.

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Review Cell Biology

Extracellular Vesicles with Possible Roles in Gut Intestinal Tract Homeostasis and IBD

Xin Chang et al.

MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Oral Administration of Bovine and Porcine Milk Exosome Alter miRNAs Profiles in Piglet Serum

Delin Lin et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Perspectives in Manipulating EVs for Therapeutic Applications: Focus on Cancer Treatment

Katarzyna Nazimek et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Short communication: Dietary bovine milk-derived exosomes improve bone health in an osteoporosis-induced mouse model

B. Yun et al.

JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE (2020)

Article Developmental Biology

Milk exosomes and miRNA cross the placenta and promote embryo survival in mice

Mahrou Sadri et al.

REPRODUCTION (2020)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Technologies and Standardization in Research on Extracellular Vesicles

Srujan Gandham et al.

TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY (2020)

Editorial Material Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Measurement and standardization challenges for extracellular vesicle therapeutic delivery vectors

Bryant C. Nelson et al.

NANOMEDICINE (2020)

Review Cell Biology

Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Proteins in Tissue Repair

Marieke T. Roefs et al.

TRENDS IN CELL BIOLOGY (2020)

Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Cow and Human Milk-Derived Exosomes Ameliorate Colitis in DSS Murine Model

Shimon Reif et al.

NUTRIENTS (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Evidence of transfer of miRNAs from the diet to the blood still inconclusive

Fermin Mar-Aguilar et al.

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Plant-Derived Nanovesicles: A Novel Form of Nanomedicine

Lanlan Yu et al.

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2020)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Evaluation of bovine milk extracellular vesicles for the delivery of locked nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides

Philip Grossen et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS (2020)

Article Agriculture, Multidisciplinary

Extracellular Vesicles as Vehicles for the Delivery of Food Bioactives

Agnes T. Reiner et al.

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY (2019)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Dietary bovine milk exosomes elicit changes in bacterial communities in C57BL/6 mice

Fang Zhou et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY (2019)

Article Cell Biology

Endosomal signalling via exosome surface TGFβ-1

Ganesh Vilas Shelke et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2019)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

The Potential of Exosomes From Cow Milk for Oral Delivery

Jamie L. Betker et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (2019)

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Noninvasive Assessment of Exosome Pharmacokinetics In Vivo: A Review

Do Hee Kim et al.

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Review Food Science & Technology

Naturally Occurring Exosome Vesicles as Potential Delivery Vehicle for Bioactive Compounds

Precious Akuma et al.

FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS (2019)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immunomodulation by food: impact on gut immunity and immune cell function

Satoshi Hachimura et al.

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY (2018)

Article Oncology

Therapeutic Effect of Camel Milk and Its Exosomes on MCF7 Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Abdelnaser A. Badawy et al.

INTEGRATIVE CANCER THERAPIES (2018)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Role of Extracellular Vesicle Surface Proteins in the Pharmacokinetics of Extracellular Vesicles

Chonlada Charoenyiriyakul et al.

MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS (2018)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antibody Light Chains Dictate the Specificity of Contact Hypersensitivity Effector Cell Suppression Mediated by Exosomes

Katarzyna Nazimek et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Milk exosomes are bioavailable and distinct microRNA cargos have unique tissue distribution patterns

Sonia Manca et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2018)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Apple-Derived Nanoparticles Modulate Expression of Organic-Anion-Transporting Polypeptide (OATP) 261 in Caco-2 Cells

Daichi Fujita et al.

MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS (2018)

Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Abundantly Present miRNAs in Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Are Conserved Between Mammals

Martijn J. C. van Herwijnen et al.

FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION (2018)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Akkermansia muciniphila-derived extracellular vesicles influence gut permeability through the regulation of tight junctions

Chaithanya Chelakkot et al.

EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2018)

Editorial Material Genetics & Heredity

Diet-derived microRNAs: unicorn or silver bullet?

Kenneth W. Witwer et al.

GENES AND NUTRITION (2017)

Article Pediatrics

Breast milk-derived exosomes promote intestinal epithelial cell growth

Alison Hock et al.

JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY (2017)

Article Food Science & Technology

Human milk exosomes and their microRNAs survive digestion in vitro and are taken up by human intestinal cells

Yalin Liao et al.

MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (2017)

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hucMSC Exosome-Derived GPX1 Is Required for the Recovery of Hepatic Oxidant Injury

Yongmin Yan et al.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2017)

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Broccoli-Derived Nanoparticle Inhibits Mouse Colitis by Activating Dendritic Cell AMP-Activated Protein Kinase

Zhongbin Deng et al.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2017)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Milk-derived exosomes for oral delivery of paclitaxel

Ashish K. Agrawal et al.

NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2017)

Article Food Science & Technology

Milk miRNAs encapsulated in exosomes are stable to human digestion and permeable to intestinal barrier in vitro

Payal Rani et al.

JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS (2017)

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Next-Generation Beneficial Microbes: The Case of Akkermansia muciniphila

Patrice D. Cani et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2017)

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New Insight into Inter-kingdom Communication: Horizontal Transfer of Mobile Small RNAs

Geyu Zhou et al.

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Diet-derived microRNAs: unicorn or silver bullet?

Kenneth W. Witwer et al.

GENES AND NUTRITION (2017)

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Human vascular endothelial cells transport foreign exosomes from cow's milk by endocytosis

Rio Jati Kusuma et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY (2016)

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Bovine milk-derived exosomes for drug delivery

Radha Munagala et al.

CANCER LETTERS (2016)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Plant microRNAs as novel immunomodulatory agents

Duccio Cavalieri et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2016)

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Porcine milk-derived exosomes promote proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells

Ting Chen et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2016)

Review Immunology

From Mysterious Supernatant Entity to miRNA-150 in Antigen-Specific Exosomes: a History of Hapten-Specific T Suppressor Factor

Wodzimierz Ptak et al.

ARCHIVUM IMMUNOLOGIAE ET THERAPIAE EXPERIMENTALIS (2015)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Gene regulation by dietary microRNAs

Janos Zempleni et al.

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY (2015)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Bovine milk exosomes contain microRNA and mRNA and are taken up by human macrophages

Hirohisa Izumi et al.

JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE (2015)

Article Food Science & Technology

Oral administration of bovine milk derived extracellular vesicles attenuates arthritis in two mouse models

Onno J. Arntz et al.

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Ginger-derived nanoparticles protect against alcohol-induced liver damage

Xiaoying Zhuang et al.

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Article Cell Biology

Extracellular vesicle in vivo biodistribution is determined by cell source, route of administration and targeting

Oscar P. B. Wiklander et al.

JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES (2015)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Exosomes as mediators of intercellular communication: clinical implications

Katarzyna Nazimek et al.

POLSKIE ARCHIWUM MEDYCYNY WEWNETRZNEJ-POLISH ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2015)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Targeted Drug Delivery to Intestinal Macrophages by Bioactive Nanovesicles Released from Grapefruit

Baomei Wang et al.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2014)

Article Food Science & Technology

Assessing the survival of exogenous plant microRNA in mice

GaoFeng Liang et al.

FOOD SCIENCE & NUTRITION (2014)

Review Immunology

Regional specialization within the intestinal immune system

Allan M. Mowat et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2014)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Grape Exosome-like Nanoparticles Induce Intestinal Stem Cells and Protect Mice From DSS-Induced Colitis

Songwen Ju et al.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2013)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Ineffective delivery of diet-derived microRNAs to recipient animal organisms

Jonathan W. Snow et al.

RNA BIOLOGY (2013)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Diet, Microbiome, and the Intestinal Epithelium: An Essential Triumvirate?

Javier Rivera Guzman et al.

BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2013)

Review Infectious Diseases

Immunomodulation for gastrointestinal infections

Roberto J. Cieza et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY (2012)

Review Immunology

Regulation of intestinal homeostasis by innate and adaptive immunity

Hisako Kayama et al.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY (2012)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immune-related MicroRNAs are Abundant in Breast Milk Exosomes

Qi Zhou et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2012)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Bovine milk contains microRNA and messenger RNA that are stable under degradative conditions

H. Izumi et al.

JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE (2012)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lactation-Related MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Porcine Breast Milk Exosomes

Yiren Gu et al.

PLOS ONE (2012)

Article Cell Biology

Bacterial membrane vesicles deliver peptidoglycan to NOD1 in epithelial cells

Maria Kaparakis et al.

CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY (2010)

Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G-Protein-Coupled Receptors as Markers of Adult Stem Cells

Nick Barker et al.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2010)

Review Biochemical Research Methods

Direct detection and quantification of microRNAs

Eric A. Hunt et al.

ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2009)

Article Immunology

Exosomes with immune modulatory features are present in human breast milk

Charlotte Admyre et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2007)