期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
卷 23, 期 11, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116342
关键词
mastication; environment; aging; cognitive decline; astrocyte morphometry; dentate gyrus
资金
- Brazilian government
- Brazilian Research Council CNPq [475677/2008-0]
- Fundacao Amazonia Paraense de Amparo a Pesquisa (FAPESPA) [136/08]
- Fundacao de Amparo e Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa (FADESP)
- Pro-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pos-Graduacao (PROPESP/UFPA)
- CAPES (Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior)
- Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia [PTDC/MED-NEU/31395/2017, LISBOA-01-0145FEDER-031395, PTDC/MED-NEU/2382/2021, UID/DTP/04138/2019-2021]
- la Caixa Foundation [HR21-00931]
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [PTDC/MED-NEU/2382/2021, PTDC/MED-NEU/31395/2017] Funding Source: FCT
This article reviews the impact of mastication and environmental enrichment on the structure of the brain and highlights the increased complexity of astrocytes in situations where neuronal loss and behavioral deficits are present.
As aging and cognitive decline progresses, the impact of a sedentary lifestyle on the appearance of environment-dependent cellular morphologies in the brain becomes more apparent. Sedentary living is also associated with poor oral health, which is known to correlate with the rate of cognitive decline. Here, we will review the evidence for the interplay between mastication and environmental enrichment and assess the impact of each on the structure of the brain. In previous studies, we explored the relationship between behavior and the morphological features of dentate gyrus glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes during aging in contrasting environments and in the context of induced masticatory dysfunction. Hierarchical cluster and discriminant analysis of GFAP-positive astrocytes from the dentate gyrus molecular layer revealed that the proportion of AST1 (astrocyte arbors with greater complexity phenotype) and AST2 (lower complexity) are differentially affected by environment, aging and masticatory dysfunction, but the relationship is not straightforward. Here we re-evaluated our previous reconstructions by comparing dorsal and ventral astrocyte morphologies in the dentate gyrus, and we found that morphological complexity was the variable that contributed most to cluster formation across the experimental groups. In general, reducing masticatory activity increases astrocyte morphological complexity, and the effect is most marked in the ventral dentate gyrus, whereas the effect of environment was more marked in the dorsal dentate gyrus. All morphotypes retained their basic structural organization in intact tissue, suggesting that they are subtypes with a non-proliferative astrocyte profile. In summary, the increased complexity of astrocytes in situations where neuronal loss and behavioral deficits are present is counterintuitive, but highlights the need to better understand the role of the astrocyte in these conditions.
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