期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
卷 23, 期 12, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126474
关键词
Daphnia; inducible defenses; carnivorous plant
资金
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS)
- DFG
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) [409126405, CRC-Transregio 141]
- collaborative project Bio-inspirierte elastische Materialsysteme und Verbundkomponenten fur nachhaltiges Bauen im 21ten Jahrhundert (BioElast) within the Zukunftsoffensive IV Innovation und Exzellenz-Aufbau und Starkung der Forschungsinfrastruktur im Be
- Studienstiftung des dt. Volkes
Every ecosystem has multiple levels of species interactions, mainly classified as competition and consumption. The modes of consumption vary, depending on the nature and extent of the consumed organism. Water fleas are important species in lentic ecosystems and have evolved various inducible defenses against animal predators. The carnivorous bladderwort is a plant predator that triggers inducible defenses in coexisting water fleas.
Every ecosystem shows multiple levels of species interactions, which are often difficult to isolate and to classify regarding their specific nature. For most of the observed interactions, it comes down to either competition or consumption. The modes of consumption are various and defined by the nature of the consumed organism, e.g., carnivory, herbivory, as well as the extent of the consumption, e.g., grazing, parasitism. While the majority of consumers are animals, carnivorous plants can also pose a threat to arthropods. Water fleas of the family Daphniidae are keystone species in many lentic ecosystems. As most abundant filter feeders, they link the primary production to higher trophic levels. As a response to the high predatory pressures, water fleas have evolved various inducible defenses against animal predators. Here we show the first example, to our knowledge, in Ceriodaphnia dubia of such inducible defenses of an animal against a coexisting plant predator, i.e., the carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia x neglecta Lehm, Lentibulariaceae). When the bladderwort is present, C. dubia shows changes in morphology, life history and behavior. While the morphological and behavioral adaptations improve C. dubia's survival rate in the presence of this predator, the life-history parameters likely reflect trade-offs for the defense.
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