期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY
卷 43, 期 1, 页码 255-274出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/joc.7756
关键词
CMIP6; Midwest; precipitation extremes; SPI
This study estimates the projected changes in transitions of precipitation extremes in the Midwest based on 17 CMIP6 models. The findings indicate that by the end of the century, the Midwest will experience significantly intensified wet extremes, particularly in the northern Midwest and the Great Lakes region. Additionally, there will be an increase in the magnitude of intra-annual variability and more frequent and rapid transitions between wet and dry extremes. These changes will have significant impacts on Midwest agriculture, water resources, and natural ecosystems.
Precipitation extremes present significant risks to Midwest agriculture, water resources, and natural ecosystems. Recently, there is growing attention to the transitions of precipitation extremes, or shifts between heavy precipitation and drought, due to their profound environmental and socio-economic impacts. Changes in Midwest precipitation extremes and transitions between extremes over the past few decades have been documented; however, their future changes are still unknown. In this study, we estimate the projected changes in transitions of precipitation extremes in the Midwest based on 17 CMIP6 models. Two Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) based metrics, intra-annual variability and transitions, are used to quantify the magnitude, duration, and frequency of variability and transitions between wet and dry extremes. Compared with the observation-based precipitation datasets, the multimodel ensemble median of CMIP6 can reasonably represent the spatial patterns of SPI extremes and transitions. Climate projections show significantly intensified wet extremes across the Midwest by the end of the century, with a greater increase over the northern Midwest and the Great Lakes region. The short-term SPI also shows intensified dry extremes over the western half of the Midwest. Consequently, there is a significant increase in the magnitude of intra-annual variability in most areas. Projections also suggest more frequent and rapid transitions between the wet and dry extremes, especially over the Great Lakes region and northern Midwest. Seasonally, more frequent transitions from a wet spring to a dry summer (or from a dry fall to a wet winter/spring) are projected to occur; and generally, the wet and dry conditions between the transitions are projected to be more intense compared to the historical period. Furthermore, the intensified precipitation extremes and accelerated transitions are greatly alleviated under a lower emission scenario, implying that future changes in hydroclimate extremes, and impacts thereof, in the Midwest are sensitive to climate change mitigation.
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