Serum glypican-4 is associated with the 10-year clinical outcome of patients with disease

Background: Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) are at increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality compared with non-PAD populations. Blood based biomarkers may improve clinical risk assessment. Recently, we found significant associations of serum glypican-4 (GPC4) with cardiovascular events and mortality in coronary angiography patients. The impact of serum GPC4 on the clinical outcome in PAD patients is unknown and has been addressed in a prospective cohort study.Methods: We measured GPC4 levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 295 PAD patients. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE); we further investigated vascular mortality and all-cause mortality over 10 years of follow-up.Results: Serum GPC4 levels were positively linked with age, low kidney function, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the use of cardiovascular medications. During the 10-year follow-up period, MACE, vascular mortality, and all -cause mortality occurred in 43.1%, 33.4%, and 45.4%, respectively, of the patients. High serum GPC4 was significantly associated with all three endpoints (each log-rank P-value <0.001). In Cox regression analysis serum GPC4 significantly predicted MACE, vascular mortality, and all-cause mortality independently from traditional risk factors including age, sex, T2DM, hypertension, low kidney function, severity of PAD, smoking, and CRP, with adjusted hazard ratios [95% confidence interval] for one standard deviation change of serum GPC4 of 1.38 [1.06-1.80], 1.84 [1.28-2.64], and 1.94 [1.51-2.51], respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that serum GPC4 is a predictor of the 10-year clinical outcome in patients with PAD.

Automated summary

The study found a significant association between serum GPC4 levels and clinical outcomes in PAD patients over a 10-year follow-up period, independent of traditional risk factors.