2-[18F]-FDG PET for imaging brain involvement in patients with long COVID: perspective of the EANM Neuroimaging Committee

Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Metabolic correlates of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease (PD) do not overlap

Silvia Morbelli et al.

Summary: The metabolic signature of persistent hyposmia after COVID-19 involves brain regions associated with olfactory perception and does not overlap with the metabolic correlates of hyposmia in Parkinson's disease.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING (2022)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

EANM procedure guidelines for brain PET imaging using [18F]FDG, version 3

Eric Guedj et al.

Summary: The guidelines summarize the current views of the EANM Neuro-Imaging Committee on [F-18]FDG-PET imaging of the brain, aiming to improve diagnostic impact in neurological, neurosurgical, and psychiatric practice. Updates include advances in PET technology, the impact of hyperglycemia in patients undergoing brain [F-18]FDG-PET, and typical brain metabolic patterns for neurodegenerative diseases.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on brain metabolism

Eric Guedj et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the impact of French national lockdown on brain metabolism in patients with neurological disorders. The duration of lockdown was found to be negatively correlated with metabolism of the sensory-motor cortex, particularly affecting younger patients.

HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING (2022)

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Review Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Molecular Imaging Findings on Acute and Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 on the Brain: A Systematic Review

Philipp T. Meyer et al.

Summary: This study systematically reviewed the current literature on how COVID-19 affects the human brain using molecular imaging techniques like PET and SPECT. The findings include reversible metabolic alterations, Parkinsonism symptoms, hyposmia, encephalopathy, and post-COVID-19 syndrome, with potential applications of PET and SPECT in diagnostic work-up related to COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Similar patterns of [18F]-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in paediatric and adult patients with long COVID: a paediatric case series

Aurelie Morand et al.

Summary: Despite lower initial severity at the acute stage of infection, pediatric patients with suspected long COVID showed a similar brain hypometabolic pattern as adult long COVID patients approximately 5 months later, involving bilateral medial temporal lobes, brainstem, cerebellum, and the right olfactory gyrus.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank

Gwenaelle Douaud et al.

Summary: Through long-term observation of participants' MRI images, it was found that COVID-19 infection is associated with abnormal brain changes, including a reduction in gray matter thickness in the orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus, greater changes in markers of tissue damage in regions functionally connected to the primary olfactory cortex, and a greater reduction in global brain size. Infected individuals also showed significant cognitive decline.

NATURE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Course of post COVID-19 disease symptoms over time in the ComPaRe long COVID prospective e-cohort

Viet-Thi Tran et al.

Summary: About 10% of people infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) experience post COVID-19 disease. This study analyzed data from a French disease cohort and found that among patients symptomatic after 2 months, 85% still reported symptoms one year after their symptom onset. Symptoms showed different trends over time, with some decreasing, some remaining stable, and some increasing in prevalence. The study provides important insights into the natural history of post COVID-19 disease.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

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Article Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation Strategies for Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of COVID-19

Summer Rolin et al.

Summary: There is emerging evidence of neural involvement in COVID-19. Health priorities have shifted from understanding pathogenesis and treatment of pulmonary symptoms to targeting the acute and chronic sequelae of COVID-19, including cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The sequelae of COVID-19 often co-occur with other medical problems and is best managed by assessment and care across multiple disciplines.

CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS (2022)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

The cerebral network of COVID-19-related encephalopathy: a longitudinal voxel-based 18F-FDG-PET study

Aurelie Kas et al.

Summary: This study examined the longitudinal brain metabolic pattern in COVID-19-related encephalopathy using 18F-FDG-PET/CT. It found a consistent pattern of hypometabolism in various brain regions, with patients presenting with cognitive and behavioral disorders in the acute phase and ongoing cognitive and emotional symptoms 6 months after disease onset.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING (2021)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

18F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in patients with long COVID

E. Guedj et al.

Summary: In long COVID patients, brain PET scans showed significant hypometabolism in areas including bilateral rectal/orbital gyrus, temporal lobe, brainstem, and cerebellum. These metabolic abnormalities were associated with more functional complaints such as hyposmia/anosmia, memory/cognitive impairment, pain, and insomnia. The study suggests a potential biomarker value in identifying and monitoring long COVID patients, with implications for the impact of ACE drugs and nasal decongestant spray on brain metabolism.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING (2021)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Long COVID hallmarks on [18F]FDG-PET/CT: a case-control study

Martina Sollini et al.

Summary: The study hypothesized that whole-body [18F]FDG-PET/CT could provide insight into the pathophysiology of long COVID. Results revealed increased [18F]FDG uptake in various organs of long COVID patients, suggesting underlying systemic inflammation. Brain hypometabolism patterns were associated with persistent symptoms, indicating different temporal sequences of brain and whole-body inflammatory changes. Whole-body [18F]FDG PET was found to hold potential value in disclosing the pathophysiology of long COVID.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Characterization and Biomarker Analyses of Post-COVID-19 Complications and Neurological Manifestations

Bing Sun et al.

Summary: A study showed increased levels of plasma cytokines and nEV proteins in individuals recovering from COVID-19, potentially leading to neuronal dysfunction, especially in patients with neurological issues and those recovering from the infection. Longitudinal studies are needed to monitor these biomarkers to assess neural damage and systemic effects.

CELLS (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Cognitive impairment and a ered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19

Jonas A. Hosp et al.

Summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a prospective cohort study investigated neurological and cognitive symptoms in hospitalized patients, revealing that gustation and olfaction were commonly affected, along with cognitive impairment. Abnormalities in neuronal metabolism were associated with cognitive decline, highlighting the importance of neurological monitoring in COVID-19 patients.

BRAIN (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

SARS-CoV-2-related encephalitis with prominent parkinsonism: clinical and FDG-PET correlates in two patients

Mauro Morassi et al.

Summary: This study presents the clinical and neuroimaging findings of two patients with COVID-19-related encephalopathy and prominent parkinsonism, suggesting a possible immune-mediated etiology in one case. Despite the lack of response to immunotherapy, FDG-PET/CT results displayed distinctive brain metabolic changes reminiscent of post-encephalitic parkinsonism, highlighting the neurological complications possibly triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Slow but Evident Recovery from Neocortical Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment in a Series of Chronic COVID-19 Patients

Ganna Blazhenets et al.

Summary: Cognitive impairment in COVID-19 patients can be related to cortical hypometabolism, which shows reversibility after 6 months. Despite significant recovery, residual impairments remain in some patients.

JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

COVID-19-related anosmia is associated with viral persistence and inflammation in human olfactory epithelium and brain infection in hamsters

Guilherme Dias de Melo et al.

Summary: Recent investigations have shown that olfactory and taste dysfunction are common in mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Research on the olfactory neuroepithelium revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause local inflammation and lead to acute loss of smell, which may account for prolonged symptoms of COVID-19 such as anosmia.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

The pons as reference region for intensity normalization in semi-quantitative analysis of brain 18FDG PET: application to metabolic changes related to ageing in conventional and digital control databases

A. Verger et al.

Summary: The study aimed to define the most appropriate region for intensity normalization in brain (18)FDG PET semi-quantitative analysis. Results showed that the pons is the most suitable area for examining metabolic changes related to ageing. Using intensity normalization by the pons provided the most significant cluster volumes for both conventional and digital PET scans.

EJNMMI RESEARCH (2021)

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Letter Clinical Neurology

From early limbic inflammation to long COVID sequelae

Eric Guedj et al.

BRAIN (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

COVID-19-related neuropathology and microglial activation in elderly with and without dementia

Tino Emanuele Poloni et al.

Summary: The study compared 9 COVID-19 cases and 6 non-COVID controls, finding non-specific changes in COVID-19 patients such as hypoxic-agonal alterations and various degrees of neurodegeneration. COVID-19 brains exhibited increased microglial activation, with a possible boosting of innate immunity and suppression of adaptive immunity. The microglial hyperactivation in the brainstem and hippocampus of COVID-19 patients with delirium appears to be a specific topographical phenomenon, potentially representing the neuropathological basis of COVID-19 encephalopathic syndrome in the elderly.

BRAIN PATHOLOGY (2021)

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Editorial Material Neurosciences

The neuroinflammatory pathways of post-SARS-CoV-2 psychiatric disorders

G. Fonda et al.

ENCEPHALE-REVUE DE PSYCHIATRIE CLINIQUE BIOLOGIQUE ET THERAPEUTIQUE (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Dementia and COVID-19, a Bidirectional Liaison: Risk Factors, Biomarkers, and Optimal Health Care

Sofia Toniolo et al.

Summary: Cognitive impairment following SARS-CoV-2 infection is recognized as a potential acute and long-term effect of the disease, likely caused by viral entry and cytokine storm-induced neuroinflammation. COVID-19 has a significant impact on patients with dementia and their caregivers, with factors such as age and comorbidities contributing to the worsening of cognitive impairment.

JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE (2021)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

Heterogeneity in Regional Damage Detected by Neuroimaging and Neuropathological Studies in Older Adults With COVID-19: A Cognitive-Neuroscience Systematic Review to Inform the Long-Term Impact of the Virus on Neurocognitive Trajectories

Riccardo Manca et al.

Summary: Neuroimaging and neuropathological findings in older adults with COVID-19 suggest significant cerebrovascular damage and abnormalities in various brain regions, with consistent damage seen in white matter, brainstem, and fronto-temporal areas. Viral DNA was mainly found in the olfactory, orbitofrontal, and brainstem regions, indicating acute and largely irreversible neural dysfunction that could impact cognitive and behavioral functioning.

FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial of inhaled and intranasal niclosamide: A broad spectrum antiviral candidate for treatment of COVID-19

Vibeke Backer et al.

Summary: UNI91104, a promising candidate for the treatment of COVID-19 and other viral respiratory tract infections, is well-tolerated in healthy volunteers, demonstrating potential for further testing in patient trials.

LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE (2021)

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Letter Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging