期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
卷 210, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112987
关键词
Environmental fate and transport of phthalate ester (PAEs); Global thematic map of PAEs; Environmental occurrence of PAEs; Phthalate pollution index (PPI); Phthalate exposure index (PEI)
This study reports on the distribution and human exposure extent of phthalate esters (PAEs) globally, using computed indices. The results reveal heterogenous global distribution of PAEs, with indoor environments being the main source of exposure for humans. Urban populations have significantly higher exposure compared to rural populations. Furthermore, the study examines the distribution and exposure likelihood of PAEs in different environmental compartments based on calculated indices, and their correlation with human development index (HDI), gross national income (GNI), and particulate matter exposure.
In the current investigation, the distribution and extent of human exposure of phthalate esters (PAEs) have been reported on global extent based on computed indices. The proposed indices were calculated based on environmental concentrations, toxicity, occurrence, environmental fate, and transport of PAEs. The cumulative phthalate exposure index (PEI) based on the phthalate pollution index (PPI) was mapped on a global scale based on the existing data reported in the literature. The results revealed that the PAEs are heterogeneously distributed globally, and about 30% of total environmental PAEs are ultimately exposed to the average human being. The comparative distribution of PAEs in various environmental compartments including urban-rural, indoor-outdoor, home-dormitory-classroom, and their exposure likelihood were studied based on indices. More than 90% of total human exposure of PAEs was observed to be from indoor environmental compartments. Significantly high exposure was observed in the urban population as compared to the rural population. About 70% of the total phthalate pollution sub-index of dust was observed from home followed by a classroom of-15% and then a dormitory of-10%. In addition, the indices were equated with the current human development index (HDI), gross national income (GNI), and exposure of particulate matter of each country. Based on current findings, the population living in the areas where > 20 mu g/m(3) of particulate matter has been reported are possibly exposed with higher PAEs. The indices were highly diversified at high HDI (0.9) values and between 40,000 and 50,000 $ per capita income due to different usage of phthalate-containing products, disposal, and extensive monitoring work carried out by the developed and developing countries.
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