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Article
Pathology
Paul A. Christensen et al.
Summary: Genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2, particularly the Delta variant, have had a significant impact on the global COVID-19 pandemic. Delta variants are causing widespread COVID-19 and are associated with vaccine breakthrough cases. A study conducted in Houston Methodist hospital system found that Delta variants accounted for almost all COVID-19 cases and had a higher rate of vaccine breakthrough than other variants. However, fully vaccinated individuals had a lower hospitalization rate. The study also showed that vaccines used in the United States are highly effective in reducing severe COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Constanze Kuhlmann et al.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Emi Takashita et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dhiraj Mannar et al.
Summary: The newly reported Omicron variant shows new salt bridges and hydrogen bonds formed by mutated residues in the receptor binding domain, compensating for reduced ACE2 binding affinity. It also exhibits increased antibody evasion, which likely contributes to its rapid spread.
Article
Cell Biology
Gabriele Cerutti et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, known for its high ability to evade neutralizing antibodies, has been found to have 34 mutations in the spike protein, with 15 of them occurring in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). A cryo-EM structure of the Omicron spike protein reveals that it is exclusively in the 1-RBD-up conformation, with high mobility of RBD. These mutations in the spike protein cause steric clashes and altered interactions at antibody-binding surfaces, as well as changes in local regions that interfere with antibody recognition.
Article
Biology
Riem Gawish et al.
Summary: Despite progress in understanding COVID-19, limited mechanistic insight into immunological factors and disease severity remains. Scientists generated a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain, maVie16, and found that cytokine-driven immunopathology and ACE2 dependence determine disease severity. This study provides a new tool for discovering therapies.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tongqing Zhou et al.
Summary: In this study, the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant of SARS-CoV-2 were determined, and receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies were evaluated for their ability to bind and neutralize this variant. The study found that certain monoclonal antibodies still retained substantial inhibitory activity and identified combinations of antibodies with synergistic neutralization.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Qiaoli Peng et al.
Summary: This study compares the immunogenicity and durability of BNT162b2-mRNA and CoronaVac-inactivated vaccines in fully vaccinated individuals in Hong Kong. The results show that both vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies and spike-specific CD4 T cell responses, but CoronaVac vaccine induces lower immune responses compared to BNT162b2 vaccine. Against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, CoronaVac vaccine shows weaker neutralizing antibody responses compared to BNT162b2 vaccine. Three months after vaccination, neutralizing antibody levels to variants of concern decrease, along with waning memory T cell responses, especially among CoronaVac vaccine recipients.
Correction
Chemistry, Physical
Seonghan Kim et al.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THEORY AND COMPUTATION
(2022)
Review
Microbiology
Ben Hu et al.
Summary: This review summarizes the research progress on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including virology characteristics, pathogenesis, and recent advances in treatment methods. Furthermore, it discusses in detail the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Emma C. Hobbs et al.
Summary: The current COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of a One Health approach to emerging zoonotic disease events. Experimental studies and epidemiological data have shown that certain animal species, such as cats, ferrets, hamsters, bats, and non-human primates, can be infected with and transmit SARS-CoV-2, while others like dogs, pigs, and poultry appear to have limited susceptibility. Most animal infections are believed to be from close contact with COVID-19 patients, and investigations into potential animal-to-human transmission cases are ongoing.
TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Vanessa Monteil et al.
Summary: The combination therapy of remdesivir with recombinant soluble ACE2 shows significant therapeutic effects against SARS-CoV-2 in both cell and kidney organoid models. By targeting two different modalities of the virus's life cycle, this approach improves therapeutic windows. The study lays the groundwork for investigating combinatorial regimens in future COVID-19 clinical trials.
EMBO MOLECULAR MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Seonghan Kim et al.
Summary: This study investigated the binding interactions between ACE2 and RBD of different SARS-CoV-2 variants, finding that the Alpha variant requires the highest force to detach, while the Epsilon variant is relatively easily detached. The results shed light on the mechanisms of transmission for each variant.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THEORY AND COMPUTATION
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: New variants of SARS-CoV-2 show high resistance to vaccine neutralization, with some able to escape vaccine responses with just a few mutations, highlighting the importance of developing broadly protective measures against variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Daming Zhou et al.
Summary: The race to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1, is ongoing as these variants have mutations in the spike protein, potentially leading to immune escape. A structure-function analysis of B.1.351 revealed tighter ACE2 binding and widespread evasion from monoclonal antibody neutralization, particularly driven by the E484K mutation.
Article
Virology
Matias J. Pereson et al.
Summary: This study investigated the diversification patterns of the spike protein in different clades of SARS-CoV-2 and estimated the nucleotide evolutionary rate, revealing multiple haplotypes with few nucleotide differences diverging from a common ancestor. The most frequent haplotype varied among different clades, and the evolutionary rate for the spike protein was found to be relatively consistent across clades after nine months of the pandemic. This evolutionary analysis is important for understanding potential consequences on viral transmission, response to antivirals, and vaccine efficacy.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Editorial Material
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Arinjay Banerjee et al.
Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is expected due to the nature of virus replication. The selection and establishment of variants in the human population depend on viral fitness and on molecular and immunological selection pressures. This article discusses how mechanisms of replication and recombination may contribute to the emergence of current and future variants of SARS-CoV-2.
TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Nikolaos C. Kyriakidis et al.
Summary: The new SARS-CoV-2 virus is rapidly spreading worldwide, causing the COVID-19 pandemic with more than 1.866 million deaths. Over 64 vaccine candidates are being developed globally, aiming to induce antibodies to prevent viral entry. Thirteen vaccine candidates are currently in Phase 3 clinical trials, showing promising progress towards approval for large-scale immunizations.
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Muthukumar Ramanathan et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: The study compared the neutralization of non-VOC and 501Y.V2 VOC variants using plasma from COVID-19 patients in South Africa. It found that plasma from individuals infected during the first wave effectively neutralized the first-wave virus variant, while plasma from those infected in the second wave effectively neutralized the 501Y.V2 variant.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jun Zhang et al.
Summary: Substitution of aspartic acid (D) with glycine (G) at position 614 in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 enhances viral spread. Cryo-electron microscopy structures reveal that the G614 strain has increased infectivity compared to the D614 strain. These findings provide insights for vaccine development and understanding viral entry mechanisms.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Liang Xu et al.
Summary: This study investigates the role of enhancer landscapes in governing transcriptional diversity and subtype identity in GBM, uncovering previously unrecognized layers of intertumor heterogeneity. The research also reveals the topographies of transcriptional enhancers and core regulatory circuitries in four molecular subtypes of primary tumors, as well as the core oncogenic dependency on super-enhancer-driven factors in GBM. The findings provide insights into molecular classification, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions for GBM through profiling of transcriptional enhancers.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rachael A. Mansbach et al.
Summary: The emergence of the G-form variant of COVID-19 has led to a more infectious strain with increased viral loads, likely due to changes in protein energetics favoring infection-capable states and enhanced exposure of the receptor binding domain. These findings are crucial for vaccine design.
Article
Microbiology
Chihiro Motozono et al.
Summary: Research has shown that certain mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants can escape HLA-restricted cellular immunity, increase affinity for host cells, promote viral replication, and potentially affect the evolution of viral phenotypes.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Article
Virology
Junxian Ou et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, with the spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) being a critical factor in viral infectivity. Research indicates that certain viral mutations may increase binding affinity to human receptors, but bat SARS-like CoV has difficulty infecting humans, while pangolin CoV may be infectious. The study provides insights into the evolution of early SARS-CoV-2 variants and supports ongoing surveillance of spike mutations for drug and vaccine development.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Planas et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Delta variant, first identified in India in 2020, has become dominant in some regions and is spreading to many countries. This variant shows resistance to certain monoclonal antibodies and antibodies in convalescent sera, as well as reduced neutralization by some COVID-19 vaccines. Administration of two doses of the vaccine is needed for a neutralizing response against the Delta variant.
Review
Microbiology
William T. Harvey et al.
Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of mutations and variants that impact virus characteristics. Manufacturers are preparing for possible updates to vaccines in response to changes in the virus population, and it is crucial to monitor genetic and antigenic changes alongside experiments to understand the impacts of mutations.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Tzu-Jing Yang et al.
Summary: The spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant exhibits mutations that affect virus binding to the host ACE2 receptor and immune evasion. The A570D and N501Y mutations have been shown to impact the stability of the spike protein structure, and an introduced neutralizing antibody can effectively neutralize different strains of the virus.
NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Moriah Bergwerk et al.
Summary: Among fully vaccinated health care workers, breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 were correlated with neutralizing antibody titers during the peri-infection period. Most breakthrough infections were mild or asymptomatic, although persistent symptoms did occur.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nash D. Rochman et al.
Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic is primarily characterized by purifying selection, with a small number of sites evolving under positive selection. Variants in the spike protein's receptor-binding domain and the nucleocapsid protein region with NLS are enriched with positively selected amino acid replacements. These replacements form a connected network of apparent epistatic interactions and are indicators of major partitions in the SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny. The global virus diversity has been steadily increasing, with distinct periods based on phylogenetic distances and key mutations.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Meng Yuan et al.
Summary: Mutations in the RBS residues of new variant strains of the coronavirus can affect the binding and neutralizing effects of antibodies, but have little impact on antibodies targeting more conserved neutralizing sites.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sophie M-C Gobeil et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 variants with multiple spike mutations have increased transmission and resistance to antibodies. Research showed that these variants have enhanced receptor binding and a preference for receptor binding domain up states. Different variants exhibit different mechanisms for resistance to neutralizing antibodies, which helps explain their transmission and resistance.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yongfei Cai et al.
Summary: The study found that the B.1.1.7 variant has increased receptor binding affinity, while the B.1.351 variant has developed resistance to some neutralizing antibodies by reshaping antigenic surfaces on the spike protein.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Allison J. Greaney et al.
Summary: The study found that although the human immune system can produce antibodies that target diverse RBD epitopes, in practice, the polyclonal response to infection tends to be skewed towards a single class of antibodies targeting an epitope that is already undergoing rapid evolution.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yusuke Higuchi et al.
Summary: The engineered human virus receptor ACE2 successfully neutralized SARS-CoV-2 at a lower concentration, preventing escape mutants from emerging. Furthermore, therapeutic administration of engineered ACE2 protected hamsters from infection and decreased lung virus titers and pathology.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Sonia Jangra et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Daniel Wrapp et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Qihui Wang et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vanessa Monteil et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alexandra C. Walls et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Markus Hoffmann et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jian Shang et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yongfei Cai et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Donald J. Benton et al.
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Alexander Zoufaly et al.
LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2020)
Correction
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Peng Zhou et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Thomas W. Linsky et al.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Evelyn M. Coves-Datson et al.
PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES
(2019)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Manuel Haschke et al.
CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS
(2013)
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Benedikt Treml et al.
CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
(2010)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Keiji Kuba et al.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
(2010)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Y Imai et al.
