Task-specific subnetworks extend from prefrontal cortex to striatum

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on the dynamic representation of task content focus preferentially on the cerebral cortex. However, neurophysiological studies report coding of task-relevant features also by neurons in the striatum, suggesting basal ganglia involvement in cognitive decision-making. Here we use fMRI data to show that also in humans the striatum is an integrated part of the cognitive brain network. Twelve participants performed 3 cognitive tasks in the scanner, i.e., the Eriksen flanker task, a 2-back matching spatial working memory task, and a response scheme switching task. First, we use region of interest-based multivariate pattern classification to demon-strate that each task reliably induces a unique activity pattern in the striatum and in the lateral prefrontal cortex. We show that the three tasks can also be distinguished in puta-men, caudate nucleus and ventral striatum alone. We additionally establish that the contribution of striatum to cognition is not sensitive to habituation or learning. Secondly, we use voxel-to-voxel functional connectivity to establish that voxels in the lateral pre-frontal cortex and in the striatum that prefer the same task show significantly stronger functional coupling than voxel pairs in these remote structures that prefer different tasks. These results suggest that striatal neurons form subnetworks with cognition-related re-gions of the prefrontal cortex. These remote neuron populations are interconnected via functional couplings that exceed the time of execution of the specific tasks. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Automated summary

This study shows that the striatum is an integrated part of the cognitive brain network in humans. The striatum can distinguish different cognitive tasks and forms functional coupling with the prefrontal cortex.