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Article
Immunology
Vicente Soriano et al.
Summary: Vaccines and antivirals are critical in preventing, controlling, and treating viral diseases. For SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccines offer protection against severe COVID-19 symptoms and complications, but waning immunity and emergence of escape mutants pose ongoing threats. Oral antivirals that can be administered in outpatient settings and on a larger scale are essential. Emergency use authorizations have recently been granted for two oral antivirals, molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir, which have shown significant reductions in disease progression.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Laura Vangeel et al.
Summary: Remdesivir and its parent nucleoside, molnupiravir and its parent nucleoside, and the viral protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir have equipotent antiviral activity against the ancestral SARS-CoV2 strain and the variants of concern including Omicron.
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Rana Abdelnabi et al.
Summary: The infectivity of the omicron variant in hamsters was found to be lower than that of the ancestral D614G strain, with a significant decrease in viral RNA load in the lungs and no detectable infectious virus in this organ. Histopathological examination of the lungs from omicron-infected hamsters revealed no signs of peri-bronchial inflammation or bronchopneumonia.
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Recent surveillance has identified the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which carries up to 36 mutations in the spike protein and has the potential to evade vaccine-induced immunity. This study found that individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines exhibited strong neutralization of the Omicron variant, while most vaccinees had weak neutralization. The study also revealed that the Omicron variant infects more efficiently than other tested variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.
Summary: On November 24, 2021, the sequence of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron-B.1.1.529, was announced. Compared to previous variants, Omicron has a higher number of mutations in the Spike (S) protein. Serum neutralization of Omicron by individuals vaccinated or previously infected with Alpha, Beta, Gamma, or Delta variants is significantly reduced or ineffective. Third vaccine doses can boost neutralization titers against Omicron, and high titers are observed in both vaccinated individuals and those infected with the Delta variant. Most potent monoclonal antibodies and antibodies under development are unable to effectively neutralize Omicron due to mutations in its Spike protein. Omicron has structural changes compared to earlier viruses and utilizes mutations that enhance its binding to ACE2, allowing for immune escape. This results in a large number of mutations in the ACE2 binding site and a rebalancing of receptor affinity similar to earlier pandemic viruses.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zhen Cui et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is spreading rapidly worldwide due to its increased fitness, with spike structures that maintain stability for receptor recognition but compromise viral fusion efficiency. By altering amino acids and structures, it evades recognition by most antibodies, facilitating immune escape. The research sheds light on conserved regions for the development of broad-spectrum vaccines.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Philip A. Mudd et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce potent immune responses, including antibodies and CD4(+) T cell responses. Research has found that vaccine-induced follicular helper CD4(+) T cell responses play a key role in establishing long-term immunity.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Markus Hoffmann et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is spreading rapidly and shows resistance to most therapeutic antibodies. It also evades neutralization by antibodies induced by infection or vaccination more efficiently than the Delta variant. This suggests that therapeutic antibodies may not be effective against the Omicron variant, and double vaccination with BNT162b2 may not provide adequate protection against severe disease caused by this variant.
Article
Cell Biology
Zezhong Liu et al.
Summary: A new STING agonist CF501 has been discovered to enhance the effectiveness of vaccines. CF501-adjuvanted vaccines elicited strong immune responses in mice, rabbits, and rhesus macaques, producing potent neutralizing antibodies against various SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutants. The immunized animals showed long-lasting immune responses and reduced viral load after SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
Letter
Cell Biology
Shuai Xia et al.
Letter
Cell Biology
Pengfei Li et al.
Article
Immunology
Lu Lu et al.
Summary: Immune sera from BNT162b2 and Coronavac recipients showed reduced neutralizing antibody titers against the omicron variant. The presence of the spike R346K mutation did not affect the neutralization susceptibility.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Gunnhild Helmsdal et al.
Summary: This article reports a superspreading event of Omicron infections among 21 out of 33 triple-vaccinated healthcare workers who attended a private gathering.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Caroline Maslo et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Emma K. Accorsi et al.
Summary: Assessing the performance of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron variant is crucial for public health guidance. This study found that receiving three doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine was associated with a lower likelihood of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to being unvaccinated or receiving two doses. These findings suggest that three doses of mRNA vaccine provide protection against both Omicron and Delta variants, though the protection against Omicron may be slightly lower.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2022)
Letter
Virology
Perumal A. Desingu et al.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Constanze Kuhlmann et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bo Meng et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has a higher affinity for ACE2 and can evade neutralizing antibodies more effectively compared to the Delta variant. A third dose of mRNA vaccine can provide enhanced protection. Omicron has lower replication in lung and gut cells and less efficiently cleaves its spike protein compared to Delta.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Planas et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, identified in November 2021, has spread rapidly worldwide and shows resistance to most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and vaccine-elicited antibodies. However, it can be neutralized by antibodies generated by a booster vaccine dose.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Huiping Shuai et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 shows reduced replication ability in human cells and attenuated pathogenicity in mice compared with the wild-type strain and other variants. It has lower efficiency in using TMPRSS2 and causes the lowest reduction in body weight and mortality rate among the tested strains.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yang Liu et al.
Summary: The B.1.1.7 variant (Alpha) of SARS-CoV-2 emerged in the UK in the summer of 2020, with 19 mutations including N501Y which is a major determinant of increased transmission. The N501Y substitution increased viral transmission by enhancing the spike protein's affinity for cellular receptors, making it an adaptive spike mutation of concern.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jeremy Di Domizio et al.
Summary: This study reveals the mechanism behind aberrant type I interferon responses in COVID-19 through the cGAS-STING pathway and demonstrates its importance in severe cases. By using animal and lung-on-chip models, the study provides insights into host-directed therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kenrie P. Y. Hui et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a threat to global public health. The Omicron variant replicates faster in bronchi but less efficiently in the lung parenchyma compared to other variants. All variants of concern have similar cellular tropism.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rigel Suzuki et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly in several countries and has shown lower fusogenicity and attenuated pathogenicity compared to the Delta variant.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Peter J. Halfmann et al.
Summary: The recent study by the SAVE/NIAID network shows that the B.1.1.529 Omicron variant causes milder lung disease in rodents, which is consistent with preliminary human clinical data.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kang Wang et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is highly resistant to neutralizing antibodies, which raises concerns about the effectiveness of antibody therapies and vaccines. A study found that individuals who received two or three doses of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine had varying rates of seroconversion for neutralizing antibodies. The effectiveness of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron was significantly lower in individuals who received three vaccine doses. However, monoclonal antibodies derived from individuals who received three vaccine doses showed strong neutralizing activity against all variants of concern, including Omicron.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yunlong Cao et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 contains 15 mutations in the receptor-binding domain, leading to evasion of over 85% of tested neutralizing antibodies. Different epitope groups of neutralizing antibodies are affected to varying degrees by single mutations of Omicron. Antibodies targeting the conserved region of sarbecovirus remain most effective against Omicron.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Raquel Viana et al.
Review
Immunology
Paul Moss
Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.
Article
Immunology
Matteo Stravalaci et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that selected human humoral fluid-phase pattern recognition molecules can interact with SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19, including PTX3 and MBL, exerting antiviral activity and being associated with disease severity. These findings have important implications for resistance and pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yu Gao et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Laura A. VanBlargan et al.
Summary: The emergence of the B.1.1.529 Omicron variant raises concerns about the efficacy of antibody countermeasures. This study shows that some of the antibodies currently in clinical use may lose their ability to neutralize the Omicron variant.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Samuel M. S. Cheng et al.
Summary: Specific antibody levels against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant decrease significantly after two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccines, but can be markedly increased with a booster dose of BNT162b2. Individuals who previously received two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac showed reduced serum antibody titers against Omicron, while a BNT162b2 booster dose increased the antibody levels in the majority of individuals. This suggests mRNA vaccine boosters may be necessary in countries primarily using CoronaVac vaccines to combat the spread of Omicron.
Review
Cell Biology
Brandon Malone et al.
Summary: The molecular basis and complexity of coronavirus RNA-synthesizing machinery is still not fully understood. Recent research has focused on deciphering and understanding the structures, functions, and interactions of the subunits involved in SARS-CoV-2 replication and transcription. Both viral and host factors play a crucial role in coordinating RNA translation, replication, and transcription, making them potential targets for antiviral therapy.
NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Cody B. Jackson et al.
Summary: The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells is facilitated by the interaction between the viral spike protein and ACE2, leading to virus-cell membrane fusion, which has been extensively studied at the structural and cellular levels worldwide. This understanding has paved the way for the development of effective vaccines in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the infection with SARS-CoV-2.
NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
A. Jayk Bernal et al.
Summary: This study found that early treatment with molnupiravir reduced the risk of hospitalization or death in at-risk, unvaccinated adults with Covid-19.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jennifer Hammond et al.
Summary: In high-risk, unvaccinated adults, treatment of Covid-19 with nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir can significantly reduce the risk of hospitalization and death, with good safety profile.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Shirley Collie et al.
Summary: Preliminary data from a test-negative study design in South Africa showed that two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine had an efficacy of 50 to 70% against hospitalization caused by the omicron variant in Gauteng province.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Ital Nemet et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Fabian Schmidt et al.
Summary: Neutralization assays showed much lower omicron neutralization compared to Wuhan-hu-1 after two doses of mRNA vaccine, but individuals who received a booster vaccine or were vaccinated after recovering from Covid-19 exhibited high levels of omicron neutralization.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Rolando Pajon et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mercy Rophina et al.
Summary: Since the outbreak of COVID-19, extensive genomic research has been conducted globally to examine the epidemiology and evolution of the pathogen. This research has revealed the impact of genetic variants on disease pathogenesis and transmission, including mutations in the spike protein domain that can escape antibody neutralization. A database has been built to provide precise information on SARS-CoV-2 variants with potential escape mechanisms from neutralizing antibodies. This resource allows users to access detailed annotations of SARS-CoV-2 escape variants, contributing to our understanding of the immune response against the pathogen.
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alexander Muik et al.
Summary: This study tested the neutralizing ability of sera from participants who received two or three doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine against different SARS-CoV-2 variants. The results showed that after two doses, the neutralizing ability against Omicron was significantly reduced, but a third dose effectively increased the neutralizing ability. This suggests that three doses of the vaccine may provide protection against Omicron-mediated COVID-19.
Article
Cell Biology
David R. Martinez et al.
Summary: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs), including SARS-CoV-2 variants, can cause deadly infections. A human antibody called DH1047 has been shown to neutralize SARS-CoV and various coronaviruses, and protect against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 infection in mice. The study suggests that DH1047 could be a broadly protective antibody and a potential target for a universal sarbecovirus vaccine.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Editorial Material
Immunology
Shan Su et al.
Summary: The simultaneous presence of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV raises concerns about the potential emergence of new beta-coronavirus strains with high transmissibility similar to SARS-CoV-2 and high mortality rates similar to MERS-CoV. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop pan-beta-CoV vaccines capable of targeting not only current variants of concern, but also potential future coronaviruses resembling SARS-CoV-3 or MERSCoV-2.
TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Syed Faraz Ahmed et al.
Summary: The study assessed the impact of Omicron mutations on known T cell epitopes and found that T cell responses to this new variant remain robust.
Review
Surgery
AbdulRahman A. Saied et al.
Summary: This review focuses on the potential benefits of using bovine-derived antibodies and camelid-derived nanobodies to counter SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants and mutants.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY
(2022)
News Item
Medicine, General & Internal
Luke Taylor
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Elisabeth Mahase
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Takuya Tada et al.
Summary: The recently identified SARS-CoV-2 variants Mu and C.1.2 have spike proteins with mutations that may resist natural and vaccine-induced antibodies. Neutralizing antibody titers in the serum of vaccinated individuals without previous infection and convalescent individuals show partial resistance against these viruses. In contrast, individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection who were subsequently vaccinated have higher neutralizing titers against these variants, suggesting the importance of vaccination for individuals with previous infection. The heavily mutated C.1.2 spike protein is the most resistant to antibody neutralization to date, but it has low affinity for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which implies it may cause milder disease or be less transmissible.
Review
Immunology
Sandro M. Hirabara et al.
Summary: This review addresses key issues regarding SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the characteristics of variants with mutations in the S gene, evasion of neutralizing antibodies, potential risks of new pandemic waves, and prospects for further research and actions to prevent or reduce the impact of new variants during the current COVID-19 pandemic.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Hanjun Zhao et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has distinct virological characteristics compared to the Delta variant. It replicates more slowly and its entry pathway is mediated primarily through the endocytic pathway instead of TMPRSS2 pathway. This difference in entry pathway may have implications for the clinical manifestations or severity of the disease.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Jingwen Ai et al.
Summary: This study explored the immunogenicity of different vaccination strategies against the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that the Omicron variant has a high immune escape ability compared to other variants, but heterologous protein subunit vaccines and homologous inactivated vaccine boosters can improve neutralization against Omicron.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Xun Wang et al.
Summary: This study found that the Omicron variant is highly resistant to neutralization by sera from convalescents or individuals vaccinated with two doses of inactivated whole-virion vaccines. However, a homologous or heterologous booster significantly increased neutralization titers. Additionally, the Omicron variant resists most monoclonal antibodies targeting distinct epitopes. These findings highlight the importance of pushing forward booster vaccinations to combat emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Chengbao Ma et al.
Summary: The heavily mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has raised global concern due to its emergence and rapid transmission. This study compared the infectivity, membrane fusion, and immune escape efficiency of the Omicron variant with the original strain and the Delta variant. The results showed that the Omicron variant had slightly higher infectivity and a significantly reduced fusogenicity compared to the Delta variant. Neutralization assays revealed a dramatic reduction in neutralization against the Omicron variant, but immune-boosting through three vaccine shots improved immunity against it.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Youchun Wang et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant shows greater potential for immune escape compared to other variants, suggesting a significant impact on immunity from previous infections and vaccines.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
News Item
Critical Care Medicine
Talha Khan Burki
LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Branislav Kovacech et al.
Summary: This study developed second-generation antibodies using hybridoma technology, ELISA-based assays, and authentic virus neutralization assays to target new variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2. AX290 and AX677 showed excellent neutralizing capabilities against various SARS-CoV-2 variants, reducing viral burden and inflammation in the lungs, and preventing disease in a mouse model of infection.
Letter
Cell Biology
Xiaoqi Yu et al.
Article
Immunology
Timothy A. Bates et al.
Summary: This study found that individuals who previously recovered from COVID-19 and received vaccination (hybrid immunity) have enhanced immune responses. The effects of post-vaccination breakthrough infections on humoral immune response needs further investigation. However, regardless of whether it occurs before or after vaccination, natural infection substantially boosts the quantity, quality, and breadth of humoral immune response.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Ryutaro Kotaki et al.
Summary: Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly Beta and Omicron, have the potential to evade neutralizing antibodies, even in those who have received two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. However, boosting with a third vaccine dose or breakthrough infection can improve the overall breadth of neutralizing antibodies. This study longitudinally profiles the cellular composition of RBD-binding memory B cell subsets and their antibody binding and neutralizing activity after the second dose of mRNA vaccine. It finds that two doses of mRNA vaccine induce an expanded antibody breadth over time, while a subset of resting memory B cells show the ability to produce Beta and Omicron-neutralizing antibodies.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Booster vaccinations can partially restore cross-neutralization of the Omicron variant.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Infectious Diseases
Huahao Fan et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Matthew Gagne et al.
Summary: This study shows that both mRNA-1273 and mRNA-Omicron generate comparable immunity and protection after booster doses, and are able to neutralize the Omicron variant.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Rekha Khandia et al.
Summary: Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has been rapidly evolving and mutating, leading to various variants with different levels of infectivity and lethality. The most recent variant of concern is Omicron (B.1.1.529), which has raised concerns about its ability to evade pre-existing immunity and overcome antibody-based therapies. Several theories have been proposed to explain the high number of mutations in Omicron. To successfully handle the ongoing pandemic, a multifaceted approach including rapid diagnosis, genome analysis, vaccination, and updated medical facilities is needed.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Haidong Wang et al.
Summary: This study estimated excess mortality from the COVID-19 pandemic in 191 countries and territories, as well as 252 subnational units in selected countries from Jan 1, 2020, to Dec 31, 2021. The findings showed that globally, there were 18.2 million excess deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic during this period. The highest excess mortality rates were observed in countries such as India, the USA, Russia, Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia, and Pakistan.
News Item
Infectious Diseases
Sharmila Devi
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Correction
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Roanne Keeton et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Timothee Bruel et al.
Summary: There are differences in neutralizing activity of therapeutic antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages, and immunocompromised individuals treated with antibodies show elevated antibody levels but reduced neutralization against Omicron. Breakthrough infections with the Omicron variant are observed in some immunocompromised individuals despite antibody treatment.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Emi Takashita et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Jingyou Yu et al.
Summary: Although immunity from two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine diminishes over time, a booster dose significantly enhances the neutralizing antibodies against both the BA.1 and BA.2 variants.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Reproductive Biology
N. R. Catlin et al.
Summary: Nirmatrelvir, the antiviral component of PAXLOVID, is a potent inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. PAXLOVID, which consists of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir, is being developed as an oral therapy to prevent severe disease, hospitalization, and death in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Nonclinical studies in rats and rabbits have shown no adverse effects of NMV, indicating that PAXLOVID is safe to use during pregnancy and in males and females of reproductive age.
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthew McCallum et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant evades antibody-mediated immunity and exhibits enhanced affinity for host cells due to accumulation of spike mutations and remodeling of interactions with the ACE2 receptor.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tongqing Zhou et al.
Summary: In this study, the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant of SARS-CoV-2 were determined, and receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies were evaluated for their ability to bind and neutralize this variant. The study found that certain monoclonal antibodies still retained substantial inhibitory activity and identified combinations of antibodies with synergistic neutralization.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Toshihiko Hanai
Summary: In this study, the transmissibility of Covid-19 variants was analyzed using computational simulations. The omicron S-RBD mutant was found to have the highest transmissible strength. Currently proposed medical treatment compounds were not effective in blocking the binding of omicron S-RBD and ACE-2, but further modification of these compounds may lead to the development of effective docking inhibitors.
Article
Microbiology
Andrew D. Redd et al.
Summary: This study found that the newly identified Omicron variant of concern contains only one mutation in a low-prevalence epitope targeted by CD8(+) T cells, suggesting that the T-cell immune response in previously infected and vaccinated individuals should still be effective against Omicron.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Franck Touret et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has compromised the efficacy of current vaccines and therapeutic antibodies, with six out of eight antibodies losing their ability to neutralize the variant. Rapid evaluation of initial proposed doses and considering modification of doses or combination therapies may be necessary.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Jie Zhou et al.
Summary: The development of broad-spectrum antivirals against human coronaviruses is crucial for combating the COVID-19 pandemic and future outbreaks. A new lipopeptide drug, EKL1C, has potent inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, as well as other coronaviruses. It exhibits better stability and metabolic stability compared to previous drugs, making it a potential candidate for COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases.
ACTA PHARMACEUTICA SINICA B
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Guruprasad R. Medigeshi et al.
Summary: This cross-sectional study found a significant reduction in the neutralising ability of both vaccine-induced and vaccine plus infection induced antibodies against the omicron variant, which might explain immune escape.
Article
Business
Xishu Li et al.
Summary: This study investigates the business transformation process of companies during the global pandemic, focusing on decision speed and structure in the decision & planning phase, implementation structure and monitoring in the implementation phase, and reinforcement after the implementation. Through case studies, the study explores how companies deal with critical factors and any differences from theory during business transformation, and provides suggestions for effective transformations during times of crisis.
TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sho Iketani et al.
Summary: The identification of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Botswana in November 2021 sparked concern due to the spike protein alterations that could potentially evade antibodies. Further studies showed that the Omicron sublineages, BA.1+R346K and BA.2, are antigenically similar to the wild-type virus and pose similar risks to the effectiveness of current vaccines. BA.2 also demonstrated resistance to many neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, highlighting the challenges in developing effective therapeutic options.
Letter
Cell Biology
Zezhong Liu et al.
Letter
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiaomin Duan et al.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Yu-Chyi Hwang et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has created a public health crisis, leading to the urgent development of therapeutic treatments and virus detection methods. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as powerful tools for treating and detecting diseases due to their high specificity and reliability. Researchers are urgently developing antibody-based kits for SARS-CoV-2 detection and antibody drugs for COVID-19 treatment. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which is crucial for viral infection, has been extensively studied and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) has become a major target for therapeutic antibody development. Given the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2, especially under the pressure of prophylactic vaccines and neutralizing antibodies, the use of antibody cocktails is expected to be an important strategy for effective COVID-19 treatment. Additionally, antibodies against cytokine storms, which can be triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection and drive severe disease progression, are also being developed as treatments for COVID-19. In addition to their use as drugs, antibodies are currently being used in SARS-CoV-2 detection tests, including antigen and immunoglobulin tests, which are crucial surveillance tools for preventing the spread of COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
H-Heinrich Hoffmann et al.
Summary: A study utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 technology targeted 332 members of the SARS-CoV-2 protein interactome, revealing new insights about coronaviruses and providing important references for future outbreaks.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Xinling Wang et al.
Article
Immunology
Mehdi Moustaqil et al.
Summary: The study revealed that the proteases NSP3 and NSP5 of SARS-CoV-2 can cleave proteins involved in host immune responses, shedding light on the mechanisms behind enhanced inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients. The direct cleavage of specific proteins by these proteases provides insights into the pathophysiology of the disease.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lihong Liu et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Elisabetta Cameroni et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sandile Cele et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Juan Manuel Carreño et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jennifer Couzin-Frankel
Review
Infectious Diseases
Esther Y. Bae et al.
Summary: The rapidly evolving treatment paradigms for COVID-19 present challenges for clinicians in keeping up with the latest literature and critically appraising the vast amount of data. Research has focused on evaluating both new and repurposed drugs targeting different stages of the viral life cycle, while emphasizing the importance of timing in treatment efficacy. Large, randomized trials have proven to be the most informative in guiding recommended treatments so far, and antimicrobial stewardship programs are crucial in ensuring appropriate use of therapies based on evolving clinical data. It is recommended to continuously reference updated guidelines from national and international sources due to the ongoing investigation and evolution of optimal COVID-19 treatment options.
CURRENT INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS
(2021)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Houwen Zou et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 outbreak since December 2019 has posed a huge threat to global public health. Various clinical studies are evaluating the efficacy of different treatments against COVID-19 to control and prevent the spread of the outbreak.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Min Zheng et al.
Summary: The study revealed that the envelope protein of SARS-CoV-2 is sensed by TLR2, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines, and the severity of the disease is associated with the expression of TLR2 and MYD88. The findings demonstrate the critical role of TLR2 signaling in promoting proinflammatory cytokine production during coronavirus infection, providing new insights for therapeutic strategies against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Article
Immunology
Fiachra Humphries et al.
Summary: This study describes a compound, diABZI-4, that activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and effectively limits SARS-CoV-2 replication in cells and animals. The administration of diABZI-4 intranasally in mice provided complete protection from severe respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. It induces a rapid, short-lived activation of STING, leading to transient proinflammatory cytokine production and lymphocyte activation in the lung, ultimately inhibiting viral replication. The study supports the use of diABZI-4 as a host-directed therapy for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Minghua Li et al.
Summary: The study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 evades interferon activation in respiratory epithelial cells, but pharmacological activation of innate immune pathways can effectively control the viral infection. Using STING activation as a potential therapeutic strategy, the small molecule STING agonist diABZI inhibits viral replication by stimulating IFN signaling.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Microbiology
Alba Grifoni et al.
Summary: This review summarizes recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes, highlighting the significant correlation between epitope number and antigen size. It also presents an analysis of 1,400 different reported SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and identifies discrete immunodominant regions of the virus and more prevalently recognized epitopes.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lucy G. Thorne et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to broad-spectrum immunopathological diseases, exacerbated by inflammatory co-morbidities. Research shows that the virus replicates rapidly in lung epithelial cells and triggers a robust innate immune response, affecting macrophage activation through inflammatory mediators produced during infection. Further exacerbation of the local inflammatory environment occurs when macrophages or epithelial cells are primed with exogenous inflammatory stimuli.
Article
Microbiology
Hao Zhou et al.
Summary: A new SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.526 has been identified in New York City and is spreading rapidly, but current evidence suggests that vaccine-elicited antibodies and Regeneron therapeutic monoclonal antibodies remain effective in combating the B.1.526 variant.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dapeng Sun et al.
Summary: Highly potent neutralizing nanobodies (Nbs) targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein show effectiveness against circulating variants of concern. Structural analysis of the Nbs provides insights into their high-affinity and broadly neutralizing activity against the virus.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Natalia G. Sampaio et al.
Summary: Research has identified MDA5 as a cellular sensor for SARS-CoV-2 infection that induces type I and III IFNs, which can inhibit viral replication, but does not affect the induction of IL6 and TNF.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Renuka Raman et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, with its variants posing challenges to containment efforts. Individuals with dysregulated immune response and comorbidities are more susceptible to infection, and research on various vaccines and treatments is ongoing to address this challenge.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Angel Yun-Kuan Thye et al.
Summary: The battle against the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues globally, with various clinically significant variants emerging, including Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Gamma. These variants possess key mutations on the spike protein, which contribute to increased transmissibility and evasion of the host immune response, leading to detrimental effects on public health.
Article
Business
Joseph Amankwah-Amoah et al.
Summary: Global crises such as pandemics can lead to extreme environmental shocks that precipitate business failures, increasing the divide between politically connected and unconnected players and posing new legitimacy challenges for SMEs, while experiential knowledge resources can be both an advantage and a burden.
EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yajuan Rui et al.
Summary: The study identified SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, accessory proteins, and the main viral protease as potent inhibitors of host innate immune responses of distinct pathways. Main viral protease was found to inhibit both the RLR and cGAS-STING pathways, while ORF3a had the unique ability to inhibit STING and structural protein N was a unique RLR inhibitor.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Yu-Zhi Fu et al.
Summary: A novel SARS-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a serious pathogen causing high morbidity and mortality. The membrane glycoprotein M of SARS-CoV-2 was identified as a negative regulator of the innate immune response by impairing MAVS aggregation and downstream signaling, thus evading the innate antiviral response.
CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Editorial Material
Cell Biology
Tuan M. Nguyen et al.
Letter
Cell Biology
Manli Wang et al.
Article
Cell Biology
Shuai Xia et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dora Pinto et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
David E. Gordon et al.
Letter
Respiratory System
Jan Christian Kaiser et al.
EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL
(2020)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Abhik K. Banerjee et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hangping Yao et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Donghyuk Shin et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthias Thoms et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zhe Lv et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xiaobo Lei et al.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zunlong Ke et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Katharina Schubert et al.
NATURE STRUCTURAL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Cell Biology
Hongjie Xia et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiangyu Chen et al.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2020)
Review
Immunology
Jan Rehwinkel et al.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shuai Xia et al.
Article
Infectious Diseases
John H. Beigel et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2018)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Goubau et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lu Lu et al.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2014)
Article
Immunology
Hiroki Kato et al.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2008)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Andreas Pichlmair et al.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
SW Liu et al.
