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Ferroptosis turns 10: Emerging mechanisms, physiological functions, and therapeutic applications

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Ferroptosis mediates selective motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Summary: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by selective degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, with recent findings suggesting a role for ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, in mediating motor neuron death in ALS. Depletion of the antioxidant enzyme GPX4, a central repressor of ferroptosis, was observed in post-mortem spinal cords of ALS patients and in various ALS mouse models, linking GPX4 depletion and ferroptosis to impaired NRF2 signaling and dysregulation of glutathione synthesis and iron-binding proteins. Overexpression of human GPX4 in ALS mice delayed disease onset, improved locomotor function, and prolonged lifespan, demonstrating the potential for anti-ferroptotic therapeutic strategies for ALS treatment.

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Ferrostatin-1 obviates seizures and associated cognitive deficits in ferric chloride-induced posttraumatic epilepsy via suppressing ferroptosis

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Summary: This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of the ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 on a mouse model of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE). The results showed that Fer-1 had protective effects against acute seizure and memory decline, although it had no evident effect on epileptic progression. Fer-1 also exhibited good tolerability and safety and suppressed ferroptosis-related indices.

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C-ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death in cyanobacteria

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Summary: Ferroptosis, an oxidative and iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, has been found to occur in the photosynthetic prokaryote Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 in response to heat stress. This cell death pathway in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 shares similar characteristics with eukaryotic ferroptosis, including depletion of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation. These findings suggest that ferroptosis might be a conserved ancient cell death program.

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PKCβII phosphorylates ACSL4 to amplify lipid peroxidation to induce ferroptosis

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Archita Venugopal Menon et al.

Summary: This study identified ferroptosis as a key mechanism of cardiomyopathy in sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD causes heme overload, leading to cardiovascular complications. Increased heme upregulates heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), which drives cardiomyopathy through ferroptosis. Inhibiting or inducing Hmox1 regulates the severity of cardiac damage.
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Machine Learning Classifies Ferroptosis and Apoptosis Cell Death Modalities with TfR1 Immunostaining

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Haem oxygenase limits Mycobacterium marinum infection-induced detrimental ferrostatin-sensitive cell death in zebrafish

Kaiming Luo et al.

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Activation of pyroptosis and ferroptosis is involved in the hepatotoxicity induced by polystyrene microplastics in mice

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Targeting ferroptosis protects against experimental (multi)organ dysfunction and death

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Summary: The development of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is the most common cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU). Catalytic iron is associated with ICU mortality and may induce excessive lipid peroxidation, leading to cellular toxicity and multiorgan dysfunction. Blocking lipid peroxidation with a ferrostatin-analogue can protect mice from injury and death in experimental non-septic MODS.

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FADS2-dependent fatty acid desaturation dictates cellular sensitivity to ferroptosis and permissiveness for hepatitis C virus replication

Daisuke Yamane et al.

Summary: This study identified FADS2 as a key determinant of cellular sensitivity to ferroptosis. Inhibiting FADS2 enhances HCV replication significantly, while the ferroptosis-inducing compound erastin alters the conformation of HCV replicase, making it more sensitive to direct-acting antiviral agents targeting the viral protease.

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PALP: A rapid imaging technique for stratifying ferroptosis sensitivity in normal and tumor tissues in situ

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Ferroptotic pores induce Ca2+ fluxes and ESCRT-III activation to modulate cell death kinetics

Lohans Pedrera et al.

Summary: Ferroptosis is a form of regulated necrosis that depends on iron ions and is associated with lipid peroxidation. An increase in cytosolic Ca2+ precedes cell bursting in ferroptosis, and membrane nanopores are linked to plasma membrane damage in this process. Activation of ESCRT-III serves as a general protective mechanism, counterbalancing cell death kinetics during ferroptosis.

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Non-canonical Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase Activity Protects against Ferroptosis

Yun Pyo Kang et al.

Summary: Cysteine plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and protecting against ferroptosis. Deprivation of cysteine leads to the unexpected accumulation of g-glutamyl-peptides in non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines as a protective mechanism against ferroptosis.

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Melatonin protects against PM2.5-induced lung injury by inhibiting ferroptosis of lung epithelial cells in a Nrf2-dependent manner

Fan Guohua et al.

Summary: This study investigated the potential roles of melatonin in PM2.5-induced lung injury and found that melatonin treatment alleviated lung pathological injury, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Melatonin also inhibited ferroptosis and lipid peroxidation products in lung tissues and activated Nrf2 to protect against lung injury.

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Ferroptosis: mechanisms, biology and role in disease

Xuejun Jiang et al.

Summary: Ferroptosis, as a form of regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation, has seen significant growth in research in recent years. Studies have focused on molecular mechanisms, regulation, and functions of ferroptosis, linking this cell death modality to various pathologies and proposing its roles in normal physiology and potential therapeutic targeting.

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A pan-cancer study of selenoprotein genes as promising targets for cancer therapy

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Summary: The study analyzed the expression profiles of seven genes in the TXNRD and GPX families, revealing their correlations with patient survival, immune-cell subtypes, tumor microenvironment, and drug sensitivity. The expression levels of these genes were found to be related to the overall survival of patients, with some genes associated with poor prognoses and others with good or poor prognoses depending on the type of cancer. Additionally, the genes were correlated to varying degrees with immune-cell subtypes, mechanistic cell infiltration, and tumor cell stemness, and some genes may exert dual effects in tumor mutagenesis and drug development.

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CD36-mediated ferroptosis dampens intratumoral CD8+ T cell effector function and impairs their antitumor ability

Xingzhe Ma et al.

Summary: Understanding the mechanisms of how T cells become dysfunctional in a tumor microenvironment is crucial for cancer immunotherapy. This study found that CD36 expression in tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells, induced by TME cholesterol, is associated with tumor progression and poor survival, and that genetic ablation of Cd36 in these T cells leads to enhanced tumor eradication. Targeting CD36 or inhibiting ferroptosis could restore T cell function and enhance antitumor efficacy, especially in combination with anti-PD-1 antibodies.

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Differences in cell death in methionine versus cysteine depletion

Katherine F. Wallis et al.

Summary: Depletion of methionine and replacement with homocysteine was associated with apoptosis, while depletion of cysteine was associated with ferroptosis. Both methionine and cysteine depletion led to activation of the NRF2 antioxidant pathway, but only cysteine depletion resulted in increased lipid peroxidation. Glutamine depletion showed comparable gene expression patterns and a decrease in glutathione levels, ultimately leading to apoptosis. In this experiment, a strong ATF4-driven ferroptotic gene signature was insufficient to induce ferroptosis without a significant decrease in glutathione levels.

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A roadmap to creating ferroptosis-based medicines

Kamyar Hadian et al.

Summary: Ferroptosis is a regulated form of non-apoptotic cell death that requires specific reagents for detection in human and animal tissues to enable the development of ferroptosis-based medicines for various diseases.

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Characterization of a rat monoclonal antibody raised against ferroptotic cells

Sho Kobayashi et al.

Summary: The study introduces a rat monoclonal antibody, FerAb, raised against mouse cells cultivated in cystine-deprived media, which shows potential for immunocytochemical detection of ferroptotic cell death. FerAb binds to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-modified proteins, suggesting its usefulness in characterizing ferroptotic cells.

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Phospholipase iPLA2β averts ferroptosis by eliminating a redox lipid death signal

Wan-Yang Sun et al.

Summary: By hydrolyzing 15-HpETE-PE, iPLA(2)beta prevents ferroptosis, while its dysfunction increases cellular sensitivity to ferroptosis. Mutations in PLA2G6 gene may be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

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mTORC1 couples cyst(e)ine availability with GPX4 protein synthesis and ferroptosis regulation

Yilei Zhang et al.

Summary: Cystine uptake promotes GPX4 synthesis by activating mTORC1, sensitizing cancer cells to ferroptosis. Inhibiting mTORC1 decreases GPX4 protein levels and enhances the effectiveness of ferroptosis inducers in cancer treatment.

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Anti-ferroptotic mechanism of IL4i1-mediated amino acid metabolism

Leonie Zeitler et al.

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Embryonal erythropoiesis and aging exploit ferroptosis

Hao Zheng et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the use of HNEJ-1 antibody to detect ferroptosis in various tissues and developmental stages, showing age-dependent increase and iron accumulation in ferroptosis. Additionally, ferroptosis was found to impact aging mice and embryonic erythropoiesis.

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MLL4 mediates differentiation and tumor suppression through ferroptosis

Shaun Egolf et al.

Summary: Research has revealed that deficiency of epidermal Mll4 leads to impaired differentiation and progression of precancerous neoplasms, indicating a potentially important role for ferroptosis in these processes.

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Nanoprotection Against Retinal Pigment Epithelium Degeneration via Ferroptosis Inhibition

Zhimin Tang et al.

Summary: The iron-binding nanoscale Prussian blue analogue CaPB effectively prevents RPE degeneration and subsequent photoreceptor cell degeneration, showing superior therapeutic outcomes in mice upon a single intravitreal injection. The findings suggest that CaPB nanoparticles protect against RPE degradation by inhibiting ferroptotic cell fate, making them promising for future clinical treatment of retinal diseases involving iron-dependent ferroptosis.

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Protective Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Sepsis-Induced Vascular Leakage by Alleviating Ferroptosis via Regulating Metabolic Reprogramming

Han She et al.

Summary: This study indicates that Dex protects against vascular leakage following sepsis by inhibiting ferroptosis. The mechanism is mainly related to metabolic reprogramming achieved through up-regulation of Nrf2 and inhibition of mitochondrial fission.

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DHODH-mediated ferroptosis defence is a targetable vulnerability in cancer

Chao Mao et al.

Summary: The study reveals the mechanism of ferroptosis induced by inhibiting GPX4 in cancer cells, as well as the potential pathways to enhance or inhibit ferroptosis by intervening in relevant metabolic pathways. Therapeutic strategies targeting different levels of GPX4 expression could be a promising new approach for cancer treatment.

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Ferroptotic cell death triggered by conjugated linolenic acids is mediated by ACSL1

Alexander Beatty et al.

Summary: Inhibition of lipid peroxidase GPX4 promotes ferroptotic cell death. A complementary approach using conjugated linolenic fatty acids has been identified, triggering lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis via ACSL1, DGAT1/2, and neutral lipids. This may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.

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Peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the acidic tumor environment leads to ferroptosis-mediated anticancer effects

Emeline Dierge et al.

Summary: Excess uptake of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids can selectively induce ferroptosis in cancer cells under acidic conditions, potentially serving as an adjuvant antitumor modality to complement pharmacological approaches.

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Selenium-GPX4 axis protects follicular helper T cells from ferroptosis

Yin Yao et al.

Summary: Researchers found that T follicular helper (T-FH) cells are highly sensitive to ferroptosis, and this process is regulated by the activity of the selenoenzyme GPX4. Selenium supplementation can increase GPX4 expression, leading to an increase in T-FH cell numbers and antibody responses.

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Glutathione peroxidase 4-regulated neutrophil ferroptosis induces systemic autoimmunity

Pengchong Li et al.

Summary: This study identifies a role for GPX4-regulated ferroptosis in neutrophils from SLE patients, triggered by interferons and autoreactive antibodies, contributing to lupus pathogenesis. The mechanism involves enhanced binding of a transcriptional repressor to the Gpx4 promoter leading to elevated lipid-reactive oxygen species. Neutrophil ferroptosis is shown to be a significant driver of neutropenia in SLE and heavily contributes to disease manifestations.

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Genome-wide CRISPRi/a screens in human neurons link lysosomal failure to ferroptosis

Ruilin Tian et al.

Summary: Researchers conducted a genome-wide CRISPRi/CRISPRa screen in human neurons and identified a neuron-specific link among prosaposin, lipofuscin, and ferroptosis. The CRISPRbrain data commons facilitates the comparison of gene function across different human cell types.

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The iron chaperone and nucleic acid-binding activities of poly(rC)-binding protein 1 are separable and independently essential

Sarju J. Patel et al.

Summary: The multifunctional adaptor protein PCBP1 coordinates single-stranded nucleic acids and iron-glutathione complexes, with separate activities controlling cell cycle progression and DNA damage suppression while maintaining cell viability. Amino acid residues required for iron coordination on each structural domain of PCBP1 were identified, confirming their essential function in binding target proteins. The coevolution of RNA/DNA binding and iron chaperone activities provides an advantage for nucleic acid processing dependent on iron cofactors.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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GOT1 inhibition promotes pancreatic cancer cell death by ferroptosis

Daniel M. Kremer et al.

Summary: Cancer metabolism is rewired to support cell survival, with targeting metabolic dependencies following GOT1 inhibition leading to ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death. The study identifies a biochemical connection between GOT1, iron regulation, and ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.

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iPLA2β-mediated lipid detoxification controls p53-driven ferroptosis independent of GPX4

Delin Chen et al.

Summary: The study identifies iPLA2 beta as a critical regulator for p53-driven ferroptosis independent of GPX4. Loss of iPLA2 beta does not have obvious effect on normal cells, but it plays an essential role in regulating ferroptosis upon ROS-induced stress. iPLA2 beta is a promising therapeutic target for activating ferroptosis-mediated tumor suppression without serious toxicity concerns.

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Overexpression of ferroptosis defense enzyme Gpx4 retards motor neuron disease of SOD1G93A mice

Liuji Chen et al.

Summary: The study indicates that enhancing protection against ferroptosis can delay disease onset and improve motor function in ALS mice, while reducing lipid peroxidation levels.

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Ferroptotic stress promotes the accumulation of pro-inflammatory proximal tubular cells in maladaptive renal repair

Shintaro Ide et al.

Summary: The study reveals that proximal tubular cells develop a pro-inflammatory state following injury, which can lead to persistent inflammation and fibrosis. After mild injury, these inflammatory PT cells transiently appear and make the cells vulnerable to ferroptotic stress; while after severe injury, they accumulate and enhance inflammation and fibrosis.
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Ferroptosis drives photoreceptor degeneration in mice with defects in all-trans-retinal clearance

Chao Chen et al.

Summary: The study reveals that the overload of atRAL leads to photoreceptor degeneration through activating ferroptosis. Inhibiting Fe2+ or lipid peroxidation can protect photoreceptor cells from ferroptosis induced by atRAL. Ferroptosis may be an important pathway of photoreceptor cell death in dry AMD and STGD1, and should be explored as a novel target for protection.

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MGST1 is a redox-sensitive repressor of ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells

Feimei Kuang et al.

Summary: MGST1 plays a key role in inhibiting ferroptosis, with a synergistic effect with NFE2L2. It inhibits lipid peroxidation by binding to ALOX5 and is positively correlated with NFE2L2 expression in pancreatic tumors, potentially impacting the prognosis of PDAC patients. Targeting the MGST1 redox-sensitive pathway may be a promising strategy for PDAC treatment.

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Quantitative tracking of endoplasmic reticulum viscosity during ferroptosis by an iridium complex via TPPLM

Liang Hao et al.

Summary: In this study, a neutral iridium complex with viscosity-responsive phosphorescent emission intensity and lifetime was reported. Quantitative measurement using two-photon phosphorescent lifetime imaging revealed significant viscosity increase of ER during erastin-induced ferroptosis. This work offers an effective strategy for quantitatively measuring micro-environmental alterations of subcellular organelles during a specific cell death process.

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PLA2G6 guards placental trophoblasts against ferroptotic injury

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Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway determines ferroptosis sensitivity in gastric cancer

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Oncogenic activation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling suppresses ferroptosis via SREBP-mediated lipogenesis

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